Lesson1II.TranslationPutthefollowingpassagesintoChinese.1.ForEnglishisakiller.ItisEnglishthathaskilledoffCumbric,Cornish,NornandManx.TherearestillpartsoftheseislandswheresizeablecommunitiesspeaklanguagesthatweretherebeforeEnglish.YetEnglishiseverywhereineverydayuseandunderstoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchathreattothethreeremainingCelticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh...thattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered...verygreatlyatrisk.因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大,它们的未来岌岌可危。2.Healsoassociatedsuchpolicieswithaprejudicewhichhecallslinguisticism(aconditionparalleltoracismandsexism).AsPhillipsonseesit,leadinginstitutionsandindividualswithinthepredominantlywhiteEnglish-speakingworld,have(bydesignordefault)encouragedoratleasttolerated—andcertainlyhavenotopposed—thehegemonicspreadofEnglish,aspreadwhichbegansomethreecenturiesagoaseconomicandcolonialexpansion.同时,他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视(和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似)的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来,在以白人英语为主导的世界,最重要的机构和个人(有意或无意地)鼓励或者至少是容忍了(肯定没有反对)英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。3.Byandlarge,wenowviewthemasmoreorlessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhattheyhavegiventotheworld.Anditisfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneofthemnowposesmuchofathreat.总的来说,我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时,我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏,而且这样做也没有太大的风险,因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。4.YetmanypeopleseeEnglishasablessing.Letmeleaveasideheretheobviousadvantagespossessedbyanyworldlanguage,suchasalargecommunicativenetwork,astrongliteraryandmediacomplex,andapowerfulculturalandeducationalapparatus.然而,许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此,我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势,例如广泛的通信网,强大的文化传媒体系,及强有力的文化教育机构。5.English-speakingSouthAfricansofBritishdescentwerenotparticularlystronginopposingtheapartheidregime,andtheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权,而黑人反对力量,其成员讲多种语言,在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。6.Suchsymbolismsuggeststhattheusersoftheworld'slinguafrancashouldseektobenefitasfullyaspossiblefromtheblessingandasfaraspossibleavoidinvokingthecurse.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。Lesson21.TheturnofeventsatApplehadnotchangedthatonebit.Ihadbeenrejected,butIwasstillinlove.苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这一点。我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱我所做的事情。2.Theheavinessofbeingsuccessfulwasreplacedbythelightnessofbeingabeginneragain,lesssureabouteverything.Itfreedmetoenteroneofthemostcreativeperiodsofmylife.因为,作为一个成功者的负重感被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替,没有比这更确定的事情了。这让我觉得如此自由,进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。3.itwasawful(可怕的好可怕糟糕的)tastingmedicine,butiguessthepatientneededit.Sometimeslifehitsyouintheheadwithabrick.Don'tlosefaith.这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要它。有时候,人生会用砖头打你的头。不要失去信心。4.rememberingthatyouaregoingtodieisthebestwayiknowtoavoidthetrapofthinkingyouhavesomethingtolose.youarealreadynaked.thereisnoreasonnottofollowyourheart.记住你要死去是我所知道最好的方法来避免思维的陷阱你输得起的东西。你已经裸体。没有理由不去追随你的心.5.yourtimeislimited,sodon'twasteitlivingsomeoneelse'slife.don'tthetrappedbydogma--whichislivingwiththeresultsofotherpeople'sthinking.don'tletthenoiseofothers'opinionsdrownoutyourinnervoice.你的时间有限,所以不要浪费时间去过别人的生活。不要被信条所惑——盲从信条是活在别人的思考结果。不要让别人的意见淹没了你内心的声音。Lesson61.MihalyCsikszentmihalyi,whocoinedthetermflow,whichadherentsofpositivepsychologywouldusetodescribethejob-inducedhighs,saysthatdistinctionisafalseone.Anythingcanbeenjoyableiftheelementsofflowarepresent,hewritesinhisbookGoodBusiness.Withinthatframework,doingaseeminglyboringjobcanbeasourceofgreaterfulfillmentthanoneeverthoughtpossible.米哈里·奇凯因特米哈里认为这种区分是错误的。他发明了“强感受”(flow)这个说法,信奉正面心理学的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。在《称心如意的工作》一书中他写道:“只要存在强感受因素,任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。根据这一观点,从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象不到的更大的成就感。”2.Butneitherthelate1990sboomnorthesubsequentbusthadmuchimpactineitherdirection,indicatingthatthestateofworkerhappinessgoesmuchdeeperthantheswingsoftheeconomy.但是20世纪90年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作态度产生多大影啊,这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。3.MartinaRadix,41,tradedahigh-pressurejobasanexecutiveassistantatacompanywhereshelikedhercolleaguesforalesstaxingpositionasaclericalworkerinalawfirmsixyearsago.Shehasmoretimeandflexibilitybutfeelsstifledbyherco-workersandunappreciatedbyherboss.Iamamisfitinthatdepartment,shesays.Nomatterhowgoodyourpersonallifeis,ifyougointoabadatmosphereatwork,ittakesawayfromit.41岁的马丁娜·蕾迪克斯原是一家公司的经理助理,虽然工作压力大,但她和同事相处都很好;6年前她换了工作,到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。如今她时间多了,自由度也大了,但她感觉和这里的同事共事太压抑,也得不到老板的赏识。她说:“我不适应这个部门。不管你个人生活多惬意,如果工作单位氛围不好,个人生活就会大受影响。”4.Infact,engagementatworkislessafunctionofyourpersonalitythanishappinessingeneral.Harterestimatesthatindividualdispositionaccountsforonlyabout30%ofthedifferencebetweenemployeeswhoarehighlyengagedandthosewhoarenot.Therestofitisshapedbythehundredsofinteractionsthatemployeeshaveeverydaywithco-workers,supervisorsandcustomers.事实上,对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然,不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到的快乐。哈特认为,对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异,员工的个性只起30%的作用,其他的取决于员工每天与同事、主管以及客户的频繁交往。5.Untilrecently,businesspeoplewoulddismissemployeewell-beingasoutsidetheirdomainandkindoffringe-ish”,saysThomasWright,aprofessoroforganizationalbehaviorattheUniversityofNevada,Reno.内华达大学里诺分校的