conversion

conversionDefinitionConversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Functionalshift=changeofthefunctionHerlifeisonelongroundofpartiesandfun.Roundthenumberofftothenearesttenth..Hiseyesroundedwithhorror.Zero-derivation=derivationbyaddingzeroaffixConversiontonounsConversiontoverbsConversiontoadjectivesChangesinvolvedinconversion1）Deverbal(由动词而转化来的名P81-82Almostallmonomorphemicverbscanbeusedasnouns,whicharesemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalverbsinvariousways.Thistypeincludesthefollowingkinds.Thedeverbalnounsmaybeused:a.State(ofmindorsensation)desire:v.Tolongfor,towishn.Stronglonging,earnestwishDismay:v.Tofillwithdismayn.Strongfeelingsoffearandhopelessnessb.EventoractivityAttempt:v.Tocry,tomakeastartatdoingsomethingn.EfforttodosomethingFall:v.Tocomeorgodownfreelyn.ActoffallingThedeverbalnounsofthiskindareuseddynamically.(动态的)c.Resultoftheactiond.Doeroftheactionhelponewhohelpsheatonewhocheatse.Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwithcoverusedtocoversomethingwrapusedtowrapsomethingcatchwhatiscaughtfindwhatisfoundf.PlaceoftheactionHewasadmittedtotheuniversityafterathree-yearwait.Itisagoodbuy.Manysimplenounsconvertedformverbscanbeusedwithhave,take,give,etc,toformphrasestotaketheplaceoftheverbordenoteabriefaction.De-adjectival由形容词转化的•Fullconversion完全转化•Partialconversion部分转化FullconversionAnounfullyconvertedfromanadjectivehasallthecharacteristicsofnouns.Itcantakeanindefinitearticleor–(e)stoindicatesingularorpluralnumber.Theycanbe:Commonadjectivesparticiplesandothersanative本地人adrunk酗酒的人aliberal宽容的人bests最好的人finals结局newlyweds新婚夫妇necessaries必需品ten-year-olds十岁的孩子PartialconversionNounpartiallyconvertedfromadjectivesdonotpossessallthequalitiesofnouns.Theymustbeusedtogetherwithdefinitearticlesasnounswhileretainingsomeoftheadjectivefeatures.Thegradableadjectives(可分等级形容词)cankeeptheircomparativeorsuperlativedegrees.e.g.thepoor,thedeaf,thepoorer,themoreaffluent,themostcorruptWordsinthiscategorygenerallydenoteagroupofthekind,e.g.theyoung=youngpeople,thewounded=woundedsoldiersButsuchnounscanrefertoasinglepersonaswell,e.g.thedeceased(departed,accused,deserted,condemned)personMiscellaneousconversionThiscovernounsconvertedfromotherclassesratherthanverbsandadjectivessuchasconjunctions,modals,finiteverbs,prepositions.1.Wouldyoulikeawithorawithout?（preposition）2.Bettertobeanalso-ranthananever-was.（pastform）3.Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.（particles）4.Hisargumentscontainstoomanyifsandbuts.（conjunction）5.Rubberglovesareamustifyourskinissensitivetowashingpowders.(modalverb)Suchphrasesasupsanddowns,insandouts,prosandconsarewellestablishedandshouldalwaysbeusedinpluralforms.4.3.2ConversiontoVerbsCharacteristics:•a)Anouncanbeconvertedtoaverbwithoutanychange.•b)Theuseoftheverbconvertedisbotheconomicalandvivid.•eg:Toelbowone’swaythroughthecrowedmoreimpressiveandconciseTopushone’swaythroughthecrowdwithone’selbow4.3.2.1Denominal•Verbsconvertedfromnounsaresemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalnounsinavarietyofways.•Thisnountoverbconversionmaybesubdividedintothefollowinggroups,basedonAGrammarofContemporaryEnglishbyR.Quirketal.Quirketalsummedupasfollows:•a)ToputinoronNtocanthefruittoputthefruitintocans(catalogue,floor,position)•B)TogiveNortoprovidewithNtooilthemachinetoprovidethemachinewithoil(commission,mask,plaster,muzzle)c)ToremoveNfromtoskinthelambtoremovetheskinfromthelamb(top,tail)d)TodowithNtoknifethesteaktocutthesteakwithaknife(brake,fiddle,finger,hammer,glue)e)TobeoractasNtonursethebabytobethenurseforthebaby(mother,chaperon,boss,usher)f)TomakeorchangeintoNtocashthechequetochangethechequeintocash(window,knight,fool,cripple)g)TosendorgobyNtomailthelettertosendtheletterbymail(helicopter,ship,telegraph,boat,motor)Verbsofthistypeareallexcept(g):helicopter,bicycle,boat,motor4.3.2.2De-adjectival•Theadjectiveconvertedintoaverb.•Theverbscanbeusedeithertransitively(Vt)orintransitively(Vi).•Itmeans‘tomakeA’or‘tobecomeA’•Heloweredhisvoice.•Thenewspaperhadbeenyellowedbysunlight.•Don'tdirtyyourclothes.Miscellaneousconversion•theverbsconvertedfromadverbs,numerals,conjunctionsandinterjections.•Truthwillout.(adv.→verb)•Thestudenttut-tuttheidea.(int.→verb)•Isecondthemotion.(numeral→verb)4.3.3Conversiontoadjective•Massandmaterialnounscangenerallybeusedasadjectives.•Otherkindsofnounsbeusedasadjectives.•Somewordsshowagreatdiscrepancywithgeneralsituation.•Phraseshyphenatedcanbeusedasadjectives.MassandmaterialnounsanirongateagoldwatchamusicalbumauniversitystudentachalkboardawomenteacherapictureframecampusactivitiesOtherkindsofnouns•productionmanager•amathproblem•aconsumercity•televisionprogram•worldpopulation•jobopportunityDiscrepancy矛盾•stonehouse——ahousemadeofstone•stonycushion——acushionashardasstonesefficiencyexpert——anexpertwhostudiesworkefficiencyefficientexpert——anexpertwhoisefficientriotpolice——policewhostopriotriotouspolice——policewhotendtomakeriotsPhraseshyphenated短语连字符•upper-classfamily——上层家庭•long-distancetrip——长途旅行•old-stylemachine——老式机器•high-pressurereactor——高压反应堆•color-blindperson——盲人•ever-greenbushes——常青灌木林Insomecases,conversionisaccompaniedb