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Symbol----Literally,sth.thatstandsforsth.else.•Inliterature,anyword,object,actionorcharacterthatembodiesandevokesarangeofadditionalmeaningandsignificance.Asymbolmustsuggestameaningdifferentinkindfromitsliteralmeaning;Asymbolissomethingmorethantherepresentativeofaclassortype.Asymbolmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Functions•Symbolsareoftenusedto:1.Suggestandreinforcemeaning;2.Provideenrichmentbyenlargingandclarifyingtheexperienceofthework;3.Helporganizeandunifythewhole.Types1.Traditional/ConventionalSymbols传统的象征----Thosewhoseassociationsarethecommonpropertyofasocietyorcultureandaresowidelyrecognizedandacceptedthattheycanbesaidtobealmostuniversal.Eg:RoseLove•SpringLife•WinterDeath•AjourneyontheroadThejourneythroughlife•RingEternity•BigBenLondon•GreatWallChina•AmericanbaldeagleUnitedStates•ScalesJustice•AdovePeace•ClenchedfistAggression•Fire,•Flames•Heat•HottemperaturesDamnation•Crosses•Angels•Haloes•Clouds•ChurchesSalvation2.OriginalSymbols新创的象征----Thosewhoseassociationsareneitherimmediatenortraditional;instead,theyderivetheirmeanings,largelyifnotexclusively,fromthecontextoftheworkinwhichtheyareused.Eg:theA“inTheScarletLetterthatHesterPrynnewasforcedtowearRepresentingshewasanadulteress;Representingthefirstletterofthenameofherillegitimatechild'sfather,theReverendArthurDimmesdale.WaystoRecognizeSymbols1.Thefrequencyanobjectorcharactermentionedinapieceofliterature.----Ifitismentionedoften,itisprobablyimportant.2.Detailusedindescribinganobject.----Thesetwomethodsgivecluesthatthewriterwantsyoutoinfersomethingaboutaparticularobject.Symbolism&AllegoryAllegory----Anarrativeordescriptionhavingasecondmeaningbeneaththesurfaceone.•Aconcreterepresentationofanideaorconceptinadirect,one-to-onerelationship.•Thereisaclearinterpretationofeachallegoricalelement.Noambiguityexistsatthislevel.AsymbolisnotsodefiniteinmeaningasanallegoryEg:InYoungGoodmanBrown,FaithfaithNameofGoodmantheBrown'swife,concept(thecharacter)ThecharacterofFaithanallegoricalelementofthenotasymbolicelementstory•Christian(基督徒)passesthroughtheSloughofDespond(沮丧之沼泽)andVanityFair(虚荣市集)andarrivesattheCelestialCity(天国之城).--AllegoryinBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress.•Gregorfindshimselfturnedintoabigcockroach(蟑螂).--SymbolinKafka’sMetamorphosis.