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Fiction虚构，小说----Aprosenarrativethatistheproductoftheimagination.①Storiesatleastpartiallyimagined;②Anarrativetoldinprose.•Novel小说----Longfictionalprosenarrative;•ShortStory----Ashortworkofnarrativeprosefiction.•Thedistinctionbetweentheshortstoryandnovelismainlyoneoflength.ElementsofFiction•Plot•Character&Characterization•Theme•Pointofview•Tone•Style•SymbolPlot•Story----Anarrativeofeventsarrangedinatemporalsequence.•Plot(AStoryLine)----Aparticulararrangementofeventsinanovelaimedatrevealingtheircausalrelationshipsoratconveyingthenovelist’sideas.Eg:•Thekingdiedandthenthequeendied.----Astory•Thekingdiedandthenthequeendiedofgrief.----Aplot情节与故事•故事是按照时间顺序加以排列的事件叙述；而小说情节虽也是事件叙述，但着重因果关系，（当然可以由果求因，也可以由因及果）于是就会加强对矛盾、冲突的描写，而对结果提出合理的解释。•所以面对故事，我们最常问的是『然后呢？』然而面对情节，我们要问的反而是『为什么？』，因为一本结构紧密的小说，其中必然是相关因果互击，当中千头万绪，繁杂错乱，读者必须运用记忆----掌握因果始终，同时加上智慧----对情节中的悬宕（suspension），加以推敲。如此阅读小说的目的反而不是快得到结局，而是过程中抽丝剥茧，步步为营的乐趣了。•Plot----Theelementoffictionthatsetsup,develops,andresolvesaconflict.Conflict冲突•Theessenceoffictioncreatingplot;----Thestruggleorencounterwithintheplotoftwoopposingforcesthatservestocreatereaderoraudienceinterestandsuspense.KindsofConflict•ExternalConflict外部冲突----Physical,moralorpsychologicalcontestbetweenantagonisticcharacters.ManversusManManversusNatureManversusSocietyManvs.Man•Theprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithothers,especiallytheantagonist.Manvs.Nature•Theprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwiththeelementsofnature.Manvs.Society•Theprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithsocietyasawhole.•InternalConflict内部冲突----Moral,psychological,orspiritualstrugglewithinthecharacteritself.ManversusSelfManvs.Self•Theprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithherorhisconscience.FiveStagesofPlot213451.Exposition•开端InitiatingAction----Thepartofaworkthatprovidesnecessarybackgroundinformation.•Thisusuallyoccursatthebeginningofashortstory.Herethecharactersareintroduced.Wealsolearnaboutthesettingofthestory.Mostimportantly,weareintroducedtothemainconflict(mainproblem).2.Complication•发展RisingAction----Thepartoftheplotinwhichtheconflictisdevelopedandintensified.•Abuildingofinterestorsuspenseoccurs.2.Complication3.Crisis•高潮Climax----Thatpointduringtheplotwhentheactionreachesitsturningpoint.•Thisistheturningpointofthestory.Usuallythemaincharactercomesfacetofacewithaconflict.Themaincharacterwillchangeinsomeway.4.FallingAction•逆转----Themomentwhenthetensionsubsidesandtheplotmovestowardsitsresolution.4.FallingAction•Alllooseendsoftheplotaretiedup.Theconflict(s)andclimaxaretakencareof.5.Resolution•结局----Thefinalsectionoftheplotinwhichthemajorconflict,issue,orproblemisresolved.5.Resolution•Thestorycomestoareasonableending.PuttingItAllTogether1.Exposition2.Complication3.Crisis4.FallingAction5.ResolutionBeginningofStoryMiddleofStoryEndofStoryDifferentWaysofArrangingEventsinPlot1.Arrangingtheeventschronologically/accordingtotheiroccurrenceintime;2.Rearrangingthechronologyandinvertingtheusualorderofbeginningandending.SpecialTechniquesofPlot1.Flashback•倒叙Retrospect----Theinterruptionofastory’snarrativeinordertopresentanearliersceneorepisode.•AmethodofExpositionEg:Shiftfrompresidentinovalofficetoascenefromhishighschoolexperience2.Foreshadowing铺垫，伏笔----Adevicebymeansofwhichtheauthorhintsatsth.tofollow.Eg:Violentstormsindicateviolencetocomeinplot.3.Suspense悬念----Thepsychologicaltensionoranxietyresultingfromthereader’soraudience’suncertaintyofjusthowasituationorconflictislikelytoend.4.Subplot次要情节MinorPlot/Underplot----Asecondaryactionorcomplicationwithinafictionalordramaticworkthatoftenservestoreinforceorcontrastthemainplot.AnalyzingPlot1.Whataretheconflictsonwhichtheplotturns?Aretheyexternal,internal,orsomecombinationofthetwo?2.Whatarethechiefepisodesorincidentsthatmakeuptheplot?Isitsdevelopmentstrictlychronological,oristhechronologyrearrangedinsomeway?3.Comparetheplot’sbeginningandend.Whatessentialchangeshavetakenplace?4.Describetheplotintermsofitsexposition,complication,crisis,fallingactionandresolution.5.Istheplotunified?Dotheindividualepisodeslogicallyrelatetooneanother?6.Istheendingappropriatetoandconsistentwiththerestoftheplot?7.Istheplotplausible?Whatrole,ifany,dochanceandcoincidenceplay?TheStoryofanHourEpisodes•TheStoryofanHourisaverybriefshortstoryaboutonehourinthelifeofLouiseMallard.•Asthestorybegins,thenarratorrevealsthatMrs.Mallardhas“hearttrouble.”•HersisterJosephineandherhusband’sfriendRichardshavecometoherafterhearingofarailroaddisasterthathasresultedinthedeathofMr.Mallard.•BothareconcernedthatthenewswillmakeMrs.MallardillandJosephinetakesgreatcaretotellherthenewsascautiouslyassheisable.•Mrs.Mallardreactstothenewswith“sudden,wildabandonment”andlocksherselfinherbedroom.InthesolitudeofherroomMrs.Mallardunderstandsthefundamentalchangetakingplaceinherlife.•Shesitsinachair,nolongercrying,lookingoutthewindowatthe“newspringlife.”She“suspendsintelligentthought”andfearfullywaitsfora“subtleandelusive”ideato“possessher.”•Shebeginstocomprehendthatsheisjoyfulthatherhusbandisdead,butsheattemptstosuppressthethought.•OnceMrs.Mallardaccept