Character&CharacterizationKindsofCharacter•RolesintheNovel1.Hero/Heroine主角----Thechief/centralcharacterofaliteraryworkHero/HeroineCarryingConnotationProtagonist主人公SoundingNeutralProtagonistAntagonist反面角色,对立面----Therivaloropponentagainstwhomtheprotagonist/heroiscontending.2.Main/MajorCharacter----Oneincloseanddynamicrelationwiththehero/heroine.(Closerelationdoesnotnecessarilymeangoodrelation.)3.MinorCharacter----Oneinremoteandstaticrelationwiththehero.(Notallminorcharactersareunimportant.)4.Foil(Character)陪衬----Onethathelpsenhancetheintensityoftheherobystrengtheningorcontrasting.DegreesofDevelopment1.RoundCharacter圆形人物----Thecomplexmultidimensionalcharacterwiththecapacitytogrowandchange.RoundCharacterization•Acharacterwhoiscomplexandhasmanysidesortraitswithunpredictablebehaviorandafullydevelopedpersonality.Antagonistsareusuallyaroundcharacterization.•Example:LikeTheGreenGoblin(NormanOsborn)•另一类圆活人物,则企图表现人心的复杂多变,一如动态的塑造,不但免除僵化,令人厌烦之病,而且可以是应任何情节的应球,令人有新奇变化之感,甚至角色在小说中成长,有自主能力去改变结局似的,比方说红楼梦中的宝玉,在裙钗中翻滚,在大官园中流连,爱恨迭起,悲喜无常,最后以出家勘破,作为回归太虚的醒悟之途。①Complexintemperamentandmotivation;②Representedwithsubtleparticularity;③Asdifficulttodescribewithanyadequacyasapersoninreallife.Eg:Hamlet----Atypicalroundcharacter2.FlatCharacter扁平人物----Onewhoembodiesorrepresentsasinglecharacteristicortrait,oratmostaverylimitednumberofsuchqualities.•据Forster的说法,小说中的人物可分成扁平(Flat)人物与圆活人物(Round)。扁平人物有时又被称为类型(types)或漫画人物(caricatures),通常是依循着一个单纯的理念或性质而被创造出来,所以又被归类为静态人物(static),故地展现一项性能特征,比较被动,对任何环境变迁,只是持着一种态度,这样的人物在求易认易记,比方说琼瑶小说(一般言情)中的男女主角似乎总是美丽、潇洒,多情易感,任凭时移境迁,此爱不渝。而鲁迅阿Q正传中的阿Q由于遭遇任何困厄、皆以精神胜利法泰然处之,似乎也是平面人物常用以做讽刺性描述的代表。FlatCharacterization•Acharacterwhohasoneortwosides,representingoneortwotraits—oftenastereotype.Flatcharactershelpmovetheplotalongmorequicklybecausetheaudienceimmediatelyunderstandswhatthecharacterisabout.•Example:Likeageekyscienceprofessor•TypeCharacter类型化人物•StockCharacter小丑角色•One-dimensionalCharacter单一角色•Caricature漫画人物----whendistortedtocreatehumor①Presentedwithoutmuchindividualizingdetail;②Remaining“stable”orunchangedinoutlookanddispositionsfromthebeginningtotheendofawork.Eg:•DetectiveStory•AdventureNovel•FarceComedy----Inaboveworks,theprotagonistusuallyisaflatcharacter.1.DynamicCharacter----Exhibitingsomekindofchangeasthestoryprogresses.2.StaticCharacter----Remainingthesamefromthebeginningofaworktotheend.DynamicCharacterization•Acharacterwhoexperiencesanessentialchangeinpersonalityorattitude.Protagonistsarealmostalwaysdynamic.•Example:Stitch,fromLiloandStitchStaticCharacterization•Acharacterwhodoesnotchangeordevelopbeyondthewayinwhichsheorheisfirstpresented.•Example:AtticusFinchfromToKillaMockingbird.Characterization人物塑造----Theprocessbywhichanauthorcreates,develops,andpresentsacharacter.Characterization•Howawriterrevealsacharacter’spersonality•DirectCharacterization:»Authortellsuswhatthecharacterislike(e.g.deceitful,honest,evil,kind)•IndirectCharacterization:»Physicaldescription»Words&thoughts»Othercharacters’thoughts&comments»Character’sactionsMethodsofCharacterization•Characterization1.Throughtheuseofnames;2.Throughappearance;3.Bytheauthor;----Bytelling.•人物构造法(methodsofcharacterization)•基本尚可分为说明(telling)或表演(showing)二种方式•Telling的方式如:•命名:这是描写小说人物性格最简单的方式,比如『黑旋风』李逵(黑大汉、又粗暴)『浪里白条』(白大汉、张顺)、宋江唤做『及时与』(扶弱济贫、仗义疏才),透过这些绰号可以点醒人物个性特质,而命名中的谐音,如『贾宝玉』之『贾』『假』谐音,岸玉『假作真时,真亦假』,宝玉与顽石,冥顽与通灵的虚实交错。而红楼一开头就由『甄士隐』、『贾雨村』搪塞作者创作经历,『甄士隐』是『故将真事隐去』、『贾雨村』是『用假语村言敷衍出来』。是一开始就用人物命名喻示出全书主题。•表特征:可分先天体型雨日常习惯,比方说:『一支小彩蝶儿,这是大家给她取的外号。是的,这是只小彩蝶儿,有那份翩翩的姿态,更有那份雅致和妩媚。』(几度夕阳红)这是一般写女主角时常赋予的美丽姿态;通常很少描写的肥胖臃肿。而形姿中神情的捕捉,更为重要,比如红楼梦中写黛玉是:『两弯似蹙非蹙罥烟眉,一双似喜非喜含情目,泪光点点,娇喘微微。娴静时如娇花照水,行动似弱柳扶水。』愁眉长叹,泪眼不干,成为黛玉其人的标志。•作者评论:这不但是让读者注意,且受到作者的特别引导,在表H外,附加以造型的内在意涵,比如写黛玉初见宝玉,除了描写其穿金戴玉,绫罗绸缎,面如赋彩,转盼多情之外,作者还以西江月二阙词加以批示:『无故寻愁觅恨,有时似傻如狂。纵然生得好皮囊,腹内原来草莽。潦倒不通庶务,愚顽恰读文章。行为偏僻性乖张,那管世人毁谤。』『富贵不知乐业,贫穷难耐凄凉。可怜辜负好时光,于国于家无望。天下无能第一,古今不肖无双。寄言纨裤与膏梁,莫效此儿形状。』一方面,作者似有意寄寓教化之效,可是更多的目的在补充外表形象描写的不足,甚至为宝玉一生作一个精灵的提点----我们无法以世俗工业去看他,反而要为他敞开一条痴傻狂傲的人生路径。•Characterization4.Throughdialogue;5.Throughaction;----Byshowing.•showing的方式,如:•对话与行动(动作)当我们说『对话』的时候必然牵涉谁说的、向谁说、说什么,怎么说等四个层面。而说话的同时也然有些动作,包括表情与肢体。所以我们可以发现它类似戏剧表演,不只是说话要『像真人在说话』的样子,而且必须与两者之间的身份、个性配合,甚至与采取的行动相关。•比如红楼梦中凤姊初见到刘姥姥一段,二人在身份上的富贫、贵贱与性情上的真厚虚伪、骄纵朴拙加以对照。凤姊以低头的无聊举止,配合『怎么还不请进来』,到『怎么不早说』复有『忙欲起身』却『犹未起身』的动作语言,将凤姊一身骄气表露无遗。而说大户人家不过是个『空架子』、管事的艰苦难处等,又是权贵家族狡猾势利之处,相形之下,刘姥姥的寒俭、低下,扭捏、粗俗,比如先红了脸再说(勉强的说),见贾蓉逛来,站不是坐不是,有了钱拿不禁喜的眉开眼笑,粗鄙直率的说『瘦死的骆驼比马还大呢』,却可见人物透过表演方式的突出。AnalyzingCharacter1.Whoistheprotagonistoftheworkandwho(orwhat)istheantagonist?Describethemajortraitsandqualitiesofeach.2.Whatisthefunctionofthework’sminorcharacters?3.Identifythecharactersintermsofwhethertheyareflatorround,dynamicorstatic.4.Whatmethodsdoestheauthoremploytoestablishandrevealthecharacters?Arethemethodsprimarilyofshowingortelling?5.Aretheactionsofthecharactersproperlymotivatedandconsistent?6.Arethecharactersoftheworkfinallycredibleandinteresting?Astronomer’sWifeKatherineAmes•Mrs.Amesisthefocusofthestory.Sheismarriedtoanastronomerwhosedistant,overlyintellectualnaturehascausedhertoresenthim.•Sheistheastronomer’sonlyreallinkwitht