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PointofView•PointofView观点----Theangle/perspectivefromwhichthestoryistold.•Narrator叙述者/Storyteller----Thecharacter/voicethattellsthestory.•Pointofviewdependsontwofactors:--–Physicalsituationofthenarratorasanobserver;--–Speaker’sintellectualandemotionalposition.•观点----有些东西能为我所见，有些东西则不能。在事件中，没有一个人能说出全貌，却都提供了别人所缺少的部分。作者的任务是找出最适合于他要述说之故事的观点。KindsofPointofView1.Third-PersonPointofView(narratorasnon-participant)--–Narratoroutsidetheactiondescribestheevents.①Third-PersonPointofViewOmniscient(all-knowing)----Withthispointofview,an“all-knowing”narratorfirmlyimposeshispresencebetweenthereaderandthestory,andretainscompletecontroloverthenarrative.----Thenarratorisnotacharacterinthestorybutcantellyouthethoughtsandactionsofallcharactersatalltimes.(Pronouns:he,she,him,her,they,them,etc.)•Advantage----Theflexibilitygivenbythe“all-knowing”narratorcandirectthereader’sattentionandcontrolthesourcesofinformation.②Third-PersonPointofViewLimited(limitedtoonecharacter’sthought)----Withthispointofview,thenarratorlimitshisabilitytopenetratethemindsofcharactersbyselectingasinglecharactertoactasthecenterofrevelation.③DramaticPointofView(strictlyreporting)----Inthispointofview,thenarratordisappearscompletelyandthestoryisallowedtopresentitselfdramaticallythroughactionanddialogue.•Advantage----Withthedisappearanceofthenarrator,tellingisreplacedbyshowing,andtheillusioniscreatedthatthereaderisadirectandimmediatelywitnesstoanunfoldingdrama.2.First-PersonPointofView(NarratorasParticipant)----Inthispointofview,thenarratorappearsinthenovelas“I”or“me”andsharesthelimitationsofthirdpersonlimited.①NarratorasMajorCharacter;②NarratorasMinorCharacter.•Advantage----Byassumingtheidentityas“I”,thenarratorendearshimselftothereaderwhilehehastosacrificetheprivilegeofomniscience.----Thenarratorstandsinsidethestoryandrelatesfirsthandexperience,whichcancreateafeelingofintimacy.AnalyzingNarrator1.Ishe/shereliableorunreliable?Ifthenarratoriscrazy,jealous,self-serving,mistaken,confused,etc.,thenthereadermayquestionsthereliabilityofthestoryhe/sheistelling.2.Isthenarratoraparticipatingcharacter,oristhenarratortellingthestoryfromanomniscientpointofview?3.Isthenarratornaïve?Thereadercanseethatthenarrator’sbackgroundlimitshis/herabilitytounderstandasituation.•全知全能的叙事观点----叙事者对每一件事都能了然，他能随意进入任何人物的内心深处，并直接告诉读者，某一小说人物正在想些什么。通常是以第三人称法叙事，其优点是具有高度弹性，缺点是在训练不足的作家手中，可能会使作品倾向于松散而凌乱。•有限制的叙事观点：----其叙述者所知有限，他可能是小说中的人物，以第一人称（我）的方式去叙事，也可能置身于小说之外，以第三人称叙事。•戏剧式观点----前两者或以小说外的导演口吻来布局，或以剧中人的『我』来道出亲身经历，都是有一个操纵者或摄影者，但戏剧式观点是根本没有明显的观看者，完全借着对话、行动，让小说中的人物自己演出，是极为客观的一种叙述法。Haircut•InHaircutRingLardnertellsastoryaboutanawfulman,butthroughtheeyesofWhitey,thetownbarber.•WhiteyhasanunusualpointofviewaboutJim.WhiteyseesJimKendell,themaincharacter,as“comical”(101)and“kindofrough,butagoodfellaatheart”(101).•WheninrealityWhiteydidnotseeJimforwhathereallywas,aheartless,cheating,vindictiveman.WhiteybelieveshetellingastoryabouthisfriendJim,whowithhisbuddyHodMeyers,“usedtokeepthistowninanuproar”(101).•InfactWhiteywastellingastoryaboutsomeofthehorribleandmischievouspranksJimwouldpullonsomeofthetownspeople.Whiteyseemstobeanunreliablenarrator.Whitey,evenbeingmoreofatowngossipthenabarber,cannotgetthestorystraightonJimKendell.