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Style,Tone&IronyStyle风格----Theauthor’scharacteristicmannerofexpression.•HemingwayandFaulkneraregoodexamplesofcontrastingstyles.1.Diction措辞----Awriter’schoiceofwordsthatcompriseanauthor’sbasicvocabulary.①DenotativeV.S.Connotativemeaningofwords•Denotation表义----Thebasicdefinition/dictionarymeaningofaword★wordmeanings•Connotation涵义----Themeaningsuggested/impliedbyagivenword/phrase,asopposedtoitsliteralmeaning★wordsuggestions②DegreeofconcretenessV.S.abstractness•Concrete具体----Languagereferringdirectlytowhatwesee,hear,touch,taste,orsmellisconcrete.★Mostliteratureusesconcretelanguageandexpressesevenabstractconceptsconcretelythroughimagesandmetaphors.•Abstract抽象----Theoppositeofconcrete,usedtodescribeawordorgroupofwordsrepresentingattitudes,generalities,ideas,orqualitiesthatcannotbeapprehendeddirectlythroughthesenses.★Thelanguageofphilosophyandsciencetendstobeabstract.③Degreeofallusiveness•Allusion引喻，暗示----Areference,generallybrief,toaperson,place,thingoreventwithwhichthereaderispresumablyfamiliar.Eg:Magnusisthe'Adonis'oftheclass.(Adonisisamythicalcharacterwhoisthemosthandsome.)SomecallMarcosamodernHitler.(Marcosisanex-presidentofthePhilippines.)④Partsofspeech⑤Length&Construction⑥Levelofusage•StandardV.S.Nonstandard•FormalV.S.Informal/Colloquial⑦Imagery意象----Sensorypicturesproducedverballythroughfigurativelanguage.⑧FigurativeDevices•Simile•Metaphor•Personification⑨Rhythm&SoundPatterns•Rhythm----Thepatternofflowandmovementcreatedbythechoiceofwordsandthearrangementofphrasesandsentences.•Rhythmisdirectlyaffectedby----thelengthandcompositionofsentences,----theuseofpauseswithinsentences,----theuseofrepetition,and----theeaseordifficultyinpronouncingthecombinationsofwordsoundsinthesentences.•Alliteration头韵•Assonance准押韵，半谐韵•Consonance和音•Onomatopoeia象声词2.Syntax----Thewaystheauthorarrangeswordsintophrases,clauses,andfinallywholesentencestoachieveparticulareffects.①Length•Short,Spare&Economical•Long&Involved②Form•Simple•Compound•Complex•SimpleSentence----Asimplesentence,alsocalledanindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.Eg:Somestudentsliketostudyinthemornings.JuanandArturoplayfootballeveryafternoon.Aliciagoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.•Compoundsentence----Acompoundsentencecontainstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so).----Exceptforveryshortsentences,coordinatorsarealwaysprecededbyacomma.Eg:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.Aliceplayedfootball,soMariawentshopping.Aliceplayedfootball,forMariawentshopping.•ComplexSentence----Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedbyoneormoredependentclauses.---Italwayshasasubordinator(because,since,after,although,when)orarelativepronoun(that,who,which).Eg:Whenhehandedinhishomework,heforgottogivetheteacherthelastpage.Theteacherreturnedthehomeworkaftershenoticedtheerror.Thestudentsarestudyingbecausetheyhaveatesttomorrow.Aftertheyfinishedstudying,JuanandMariawenttothemovies.JuanandMariawenttothemoviesaftertheyfinishedstudying.③Construction•LooseSentence松散句----Onethatfollowsthenormalsubject-verb-objectpattern,statingtheirmainideanearthebeginningintheformofanindependentclause.----Itcontainsamainclauseplusasubordinateconstruction----Theinformationisorderlypresentation.----Itissimpler,natural,anddirect.Eg:MyroommatetoldmetobuyaticketforhimwhenIwenttotrainstationyesterday.•PeriodicSentence圆周句----Onethatdeliberatelywithholdorsuspendthecompletionofthemainideauntiltheendofthesentence.----Acomplexsentenceinwhichthemainclausecomeslastandisprecededbythesubordinateclause.Eg:Feelingveryhungry,hewenthome.Eg:AndthoughIhavethegiftofprophecy,andunderstandallmysteries,andallknowledge;andthoughIhaveallfaith,sothatIcouldremovemountains,andhavenotcharity,Iamnothing.(TheKingJamesBible,ICorinthians13)•BalancedSentence平衡句----Oneinwhichtwosimilarorantitheticalideasarebalanced.•Eg:Theroleofamanistoprovideandtheroleofawomanistocareforthehouseholdandfamily.Eg:Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes...(ATaleofTwoCities)Whitechickenslaywhiteeggs,andbrownchickenslaybrowneggs;soifwhitecowsgivewhitemilk,dobrowncowsgivechocolatemilk?Tone语调----Theauthor’sattitude,statedorimplied,towardthesubjectoraudience.•ThetoneofapieceofwritingcanbeFormalIntimateOutspokenReticentAbstruseSimpleSolemnPlayfulAngryLovingSeriousIronicToneV.S.Mood•Mood----Theclimateoffeelinginaliterarywork.•Tone----Thechoiceofwordsanddetailscanrevealtheauthor’stone.•Mood----Thechoiceofsetting,objects,details,images,andwordsallcontributetowardscreatingaspecificmood.Eg:Anauthormaycreateamoodofmysteryaroundacharacterorsettingbutmaytreatthatcharacterorsettinginanironic,serious,orhumoroustone.Irony反语法----Somecontrastordiscrepancybetweenappearanceandreality.1.VerbalIrony语辞反讽•Apersonsaystheoppositeofwhathemeans.•SpeakersaysonethingbutmeansanotherEg:“Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatssinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.”(Pride&Prejudice)----Intheendthetruthturnsouttobenothingbutcommonplace.•Amarveloustime----aboringtime2.SituationalIrony情景反讽•Discrepanciesbetweenw