“市场失灵”分析

120054∗Sismondi181912∗199228199320054617119816121981854623Malthu-s,TR1820451919Mill,JSRoll,E618487191970Marginalism3197586-8741962291-33451798195923-4461981346-3477198446-5160-65239-243831870191481991890Marshall,A30RobinsoChamberlin()Hobson,JA10Pigou192011819824491990231019581960730-8981902190282273688611197105-246419381939KaldorHicksBorgsonSamuelsonGraafLittleScitovakyBsumolArrow50121923Knight,FH1319491419541955151958Bator,FM16196017121985120-12113Knight,FH:TheEthicsofCompetition,UniversityofChicagoPress,1976,P.51-6414198219901415Samuelson,PA:1:ThePureTheoryofpublicExpenditures,ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics,Nov.1954,P.387-396.2:DiagrammaticExpositionofaTheoryofpub-licExpecditures,ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics,Nov.1955,P.350-356.16Bator,FM:TheAnatomyofMarketFailure,Quarte-rlyJournalofEconomics,Aug.1958,P.351-379.1719846-751986Cairncrose181987RoparRSnowdown,B191989Meyer,B2080150702Buchanan21118LimitationsMarketFailure195822231819905119Roper,BandSnowdown,B:Markets,InterventionandPlanning.LongmanInc.NewYork,1987,P.16.20Meier,GM:LeadingIssuesinEconomicDevelopma-nt,5thedn.,StanfordUni.OxfordUni.Press,1989,P.515.21Buchanan,JM:ExplorationintoConstitutionalEcon-omics,TexasA&MUniversityPress,1989,P.418.22Bator,FM:TheAnatomyofMarketFailure,Quarte-rlyJournalofEconomics,Aug.1958,P.351.6desirabilityintherealworldcorrespondencestrongassumptions23242526100Wiles272823Bator,FM:TheAnatomyofMarketFailure,Quarte-rlyJournalofEconomics,Aug.1958,P.352.24Eatwell,J,Milgate,M.Newman,P:TheNewPalgr-ave:ADictionaryofEonomics,Volume3,MacmillanPressLimited,1987,P.326-327.25Buchanan,JM:ExplorationintoConstitutionalEcon-omics,TexasA&MUniversityPress,1989,P.418.26199134527Wiles,P..D:ThePoliticalEconomyofCommunism,Cambridse,Mass:HarvardUniversityPress,1964,P.189.28Hurwlcz,L:OptimalityandInformationalEfficiencyinResourcsAllocationProcesses,intheSocialSciences,StanfordUniversityPress,1960.7Leontief,W.W29CPBLange,D322919828DupuitWieser,F30301971237-343693-6969$10$734$103$7$314$7$74=2831-28=3031MRShxy=MRSjxy2MRS.2MRTxc1=MRTyc12MRT3MRS=MRT22AB102MCMC2MC2MRS.MC4311001982GeorgeJ.Stigler32181933JS341935191931198416032GJ199055-5633198124734198446351981145113637130302CournotEdgeworthSidgwickSraffaKnight(N.Smith)192938339JMClarkWorkableCompetition401957ESMason123441WJBaumol19811229AEAContestableMarketmarketPower361981155-17137290-32338196414-15391926P1984519641540Clark,JM:ConceptionofWorkableCompetition,AmericanEconomicReview,1940,Jun.P.214-242.41198029-30121Hitandruntacticsnonocompetitive2productioninefficienciesXXinefficiency3perfectlycontestableworld421SocialwelfarefunctionWPSBSCMCMRTRTCCSW=SBSCP=MCSB32SBOgaQ1OdaQ1TC3-2gS=MCtP2aP1dDOQ2Q1W=TR+CSTCW=OgaQ1OdaQ1W=dga42BaumolWJ:Contestablemarkets:anuprisinginthetheorgofindustrgstructure.AmericanEconomicReview,1982,Mar.p.4.13MC=MRMRPMR=MCQ2SBOgtQ2SCOdsQ2dgtsWOQOQ2WstaWelfareLossdeadweightloss2PMCresourcemisallocation3PACproductioninefficiencyLeibensteinH196643XXinefficiencyXXX4443LeibensteinH:AllocationefficiencyversusX-ineffi-cienly,AmericanEconomicReview1966.Jun.P.392-415.44DeAlessi,L:PropertyRights,TransactionCosts,andX-efficiency,AmericanEconomicReview,1983,73,P.64-81.XX14Williamson,OEWelfaretrade—off4519681973RowleyCK46apragmaticcase-by-caseapproachadogmaticpro-competitivevstanceX19661978reply47traditionalX19791981Xmicro-microtheory48123XXXXXXXXnotunderthepressureofcompetitionshelterdfirmsX45Williamson,OE:Economicsasanuntitrustdefense:thewelfaretradeoffs,AnericanEconomicReview,1968,58,P.18-36.46Rpw;eu.CL:Antitrustandeconomicefficiency,MacMillan,1973.P.20.47Leibenstein,H:X-inefficiencyXists-ReplytoanXorcist,AmericanEconomicReview,1978,68:P.203-211.48Leibenstein,H:Abranchofeconomicsismissing:micro-microtheory.JournalofEconomicliterature,1979,17:P.477-502.Bell,DandKristol,I:THEcrisisinEconomicTheory.BasicBooks,Inc.,NewYork,19811985P148-15015XXXXXX49189049Leibenstein,H:Abranchofeconomicsismssing:micro-microtheory.JournalofEconomicliterature,1979,17:P.477-502.Bell,DandKristol,I:THEcrisisinEconomicTheory.BasicBooks,Inc.,NewYork,19811985P149161externality1890externaleconomies50515253Roll501981157-15851279-280328157-3315219818-11531754255AB56370externalities15419813935519711455619711461541601611631857Pryor,FL5810%2incidental35945Randall6061571984326581989184198213559199120360198915561199120419414Self-interestMPC,marginalprivatecostsMSC,MarginalSocialcostsP=MPCMSCP=MPC=MSCPMSC7020621.221.224663GNPGNP641internalise65266Correctivetaxes/67621964274631983260-26164GNPproductpollution,GNP651990334661981445671971162/Pigoviantaxes21Polluterpaysprinciple681/260-70%69337068ThePolluterPaysPrinciple:Definiti-ons,Analysis,Implemenations,OECD,Paris,1975.69GandhiV19902697060192419432194919521954221991Coase,R196019377171199091-12423Mishan72Wellisz737475276Calabresi,GHolesovsky,VPryor,FHolman,MWatson,DSwan,PLWalsh,VGregory,PStuart,R77Dales,J72Mishan,EJ:Thepostwarliteratureonexternalities:aninterpretiveessey,JournalofEconomicliterature,1971,9,Mar.P.1-28.73Wellisz,S:Externaldiseconomiesandinvisiblehandundergovernment,Econom