苹果分级机设计 I 摘要随着社会消费水平的不断提高,人们在购买苹果时越来越注重苹果的内在品质。商场根据果实的品质进行分级销售已经逐渐成为一种趋势。目前我国出口或内销的苹果分级筛选一般还是采用原产地人工分级方式,效率低、强度大。因此,本文设计一种具有无损自动分级功能的苹果分级机,具有十分突出的现实意义。本文设计的苹果分级机主要包括三个部分:苹果输送系统、分级执行系统和控制系统。输送系统通过第一级水平传送带、第二级向上倾斜传送带,下落到第三级输送链上的托盘上。然后再通过称重传感器来测量苹果的重量,通过 PLC控制系统来实现水果的分级。本课题是将机械,电气控制,传感器等技术有机结合,并将其综合应用到了苹果分级机的设计理念之中,最终实现了分级机的自动化,提高了苹果分级的效率和质量。关键词:苹果分级,输送机,传感器,电磁铁,PLC苹果分级机设计 II ABSTRACT With the increasing levels of social consumption, people pay more and more focus on the inherent quality of the apple. Shopping malls graded apples according to the quality of the fruit sales which have become a trend. China's exports or the domestic apple grading screening general or origin artificial classification. Such a low grade efficiency and strength work. Therefore, to design a nondestructive apple grading machine of automatic grading function, with a very prominent practical significance. In this paper, the design of the apple grading machine mainly consists of three parts: apple conveyor system, grading the implementation of systems and control systems. Transportation system through the first level of the second stage of the conveyor belt, upwardsloping conveyor belt, the whereabouts of the third level of the conveyor chain on the tray. And then through the load cell to measure the weight of the apples through the PLC control system to achieve the classification of fruits. This topic is the organic combination of mechanical, electrical, sensor, signal conversion technology and comprehensive application to the design concept of the apple grading machine, and ultimately a grading machine automation, improve the efficiency of apple grading and quality. Key words: apple grading, conveyor, sensor, solenoid valve, Programmable Logic Controller苹果分级机设计 III 目录 1 绪论 1 1.1 课题来源及目的.......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 课题意义...................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 国内外发展状况.......................................................................................................... 2 1.4 本课题的设计要求...................................................................................................... 3 2 苹果分级系统总体设计 4 2.1 机械系统设计.............................................................................................................. 4 2.2 电气控制系统设计思路.............................................................................................. 5 2.3 小结.............................................................................................................................. 6 3 输送系统的设计计算 7 3.1 第一级输送带的设计.................................................................................................. 7 3.2 第二级输送带的设计计算........................................................................................ 13 3.3 输送链的设计计算.................................................................................................... 16 3.4 输送链的传动机构设计计算.................................................................................... 23 3.5 分级执行系统的设计................................................................................................ 27 4 控制系统的设计29 4.1 控制系统中PLC的应用.............................................................................................. 29 4.2 传感器原理................................................................................................................ 31 4.3 放大器LM339N............................................................................................................ 31 4.4 PLC控制设计.............................................................................................................. 33 4.5 小结............................................................................................................................ 36 5 结论 37 参考文献 38 致谢 39苹果分级机设计 1 1 1.1 选题背景绪论我国自古以来就是水果生产大国。水果产业为开辟产业链创造新的途径,同时也促进农民增收作出了积极贡献。虽然我国水果产量很大,但是水果采摘后处理落后,外观质量较差,从而导致了水果的市场竞争力比较弱 [1]。国内水果商品化处理过程中打蜡和清洁已经比较成熟,但是分级技术还是比较落后。农产品产地初加工主要包括产后净化、分类分级、干燥、预冷、储藏、保鲜、包装等环节。通过积极地科学适用初加工技术,可以实现“增加供给、稳定价格、拉动内需、促进增长”等一举多效的目标。因此需要我们开发出新的果实采摘后的处理技术,提高果实的市场价值。多年来,由农户和专业合作组织自行完成的比重超过农产品产量的一半,有的品种甚至高达80%以上。由于设施简陋、方法原始、工艺落后,导致农产品产后损失严重,供给波动。据专家测算,我国粮食、马铃薯、水果、蔬菜的产后损失率分别为7% 至11%、15%至20%、15%至20%和20%至25%,远高于发达国家的平均损失率,折算经济损失达3000亿元以上,相当于1亿多亩耕地的投入和产出被浪费掉。农产品初加工的技术开发可以有效拉动内需。大