英国历史简介--Brief-Introduction-of-English-History

1TheOriginsofaNation(5000BC-1066)I.EarlySettlers（5000BC-55BC）TheIberiansTheBeakerFolkTheCeltsII.RomanBritain(55BC-410AD)BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.In55BCand54BC,JuliusCaesar,aRomangeneral,invadedBritaintwice.InAD43,theEmperorClaudiusinvadedBritainsuccessfully.Fornearly400years,BritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,thoughitwasneveratotaloccupation.III.TheAnglo-Saxons(446-871)Inthemid-5thcenturyanewwaveofinvaders,Jutes,Saxons,andAnglescametoBritain.TheywerethreeTeutonictribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJutland,cametoBritainfirst.AJutishchiefbecametheKingofKentin449.ThentheSaxons,usersoftheshort-swordfromnorthernGermany,establishedtheirkingdominEssex,SussexandWessexfromtheendofthe5thcenturytothebeginningofthe6thcentury.Inthesecondhalfofthe6thcentury,theAngles,whoalsocamefromnorthernGermanyandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople,settledinEastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.ThesesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriahavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy.IV．VikingandDanishinvasionsTheinvadersweretheNorwegiansandtheDanes.TheyattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury.Theybecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury,especiallybetween835and878.TheyevenmanagedtocaptureYork,animportantcenterofChristianityin867.Bythemiddleof9th2century,theVikingandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessex.AlfredwasakingofWessex.HedefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin879.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeast,whileheruledtherest.HealsoconvertedsomeleadingDanesintoChristians.Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”.HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.HetranslatedaLatinbookintoEnglish.Healsoestablishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.Allthisearnshimthetitle“AlfredtheGreat.”V．TheNormanConquest(1066)TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andthecivilizationandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mannersandarchitecturewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts.TheShapingoftheNation（1066-1381）NormanRule（1066-1381）William'sRule（1066-1087）KingHenryIIandhisreformsTheGreatCharterTheoriginsoftheEnglishParliamentTheHundredYears'War（TheHundredYears‘WarreferstothewarbetweenEnglandandFrancethatlastedintermittentlyfrom1337to1453.The3causesofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.TheterritorialcauseswererelatedwiththepossessionbytheEnglishkingsofthelargeduchyinFrance，whiletheFrenchkingscovetedthislargeslice.TheeconomiccauseswereconnectedwithclothmanufacturingtownsinFlanders，whichweretheimporterofEnglishwool，buttheywereloyaltotheFrenchkingpolitically.Besides，England'sdesiretostopFrancefromgivingaidtoScotsandagrowingsenseofnationalismweretheothercauses.TheEnglishbeingdrivenoutofFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries.IftheEnglishhadremainedinFrance，thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationalidentity，whileFrancewashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.）TheBlackDeathTheBlackDeathisthemodernnamegiventothedeadlyepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleasacrossEuropeinthe14thcentury.ItsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348.ItreducedEngland'spopulationfromfourmilliontotwomillionbytheendofthe14thcentury.ThePeasantUprisingof1381ArmedvillagersandtownsmenofKentandEssex，ledbyWatTylerandJackStraw，movedonLondoninJune，1381.Thekingwasforcedtoaccepttheirdemands.Mostoftherebelsdispersedandwenthome，whileTylerandotherleadersstayedonformorerights.Tylerwaskilledatameetingwiththeking.Theuprisingwasbrutallysuppressed，butithadfar-reachingsignificanceinEnglishhistory.First，itdirectedagainsttherichclergy，lawyersandthelandowners.Second，itdealtatellingblowtovilleinage，andthird，anewclassofyeomenfarmersemerged，pavingthewaytothedevelopmentofcapitalism.4TransitiontotheModernAge(1455-1688)TheWarsofRoseThenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster，symbolizedbythereadrose，andthatofYork，symbolizedbythewhite，from1455to1485.HenryTudor，descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars，Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.TheEnglishReformationHenryVIIIwasaboveallresponsibleforthereligiousreformofthechurch.Therewerethreemaincauses：adesireforchangeandreforminthechurchhadbeengrowingformanyyearsandnow，encouragedbythesuccessofMartinLuther，manypeoplebelieveditstimehadcome；theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresented；andHenryneededmoney.ElizabethI（1558-1603）TheEnglishRenaissanceTheCivilWarsBecauseoftheabsoluteruleofCharles，theconfrontationbetweenCharlesIandtheparliamentdevelopedintothecivilwar.ThewarbeganonAugust22，1642andendedin1