英国历史简介英文版

Chapter8HistoryofBritainThebeginningofBritain•TheEarlysettlers(…-55B.C.)•RomanBritain(55B.C.-410A.D.)•Anglo-SaxonBritain(410-871)•VikingBritain(871-1042)•NormanConquest(1066)TheEarlySettlers(…-55B.C.)8,000yearsagoGreatBritainbecameanislandNativesofBritainIberians(3000BC-2000BC)ThefirstsettlersofBritainfromtheMediterraneanareaStonehengeinSouthwestEnglandBuiltbetween3000BCand1000BCThemostfamousprehistoricmonumentandtouristattractionTheCeltsbegantoarriveBritainabout700BC.tallandgolden-hairedfromCentralEuropefarmerswarlikepeopleRomanBritain(55B.C.-410)BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.Fornearly400years,BritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,thoughitwasneveratotaloccupation.RomanInvasionInvasionTimeInvaders155and54B.CRomanGeneralJuliusCaesar243A.D.RomanEmperorClaudiusRomanCivilization•Themonth―“July”isnamedafterJuliusCaesarhimself.ChristianitytoBritain•Extraordinaryachievementinbuildingroads–“AllRoadsLeadtoRome”•Hadrian'sWall–England’sgreatwall–2000yearsagoRomaninfluenceonBritainwaslimited.First,theRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass.Second,neverduringthe4centuriesdidtheRomansandBritonsintermarry.Third,theRomanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.Anglo-SaxonBritain(410-871)BasisofModernEnglishrace:theAnglo-SaxonsTheAngle,Saxon,andJutetribesinvadedin5thand6thcenturiesTheAnglo-SaxonslefttheirhomeinnorthernGermanyandDenmark.TheHeptarchy:sevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriacontendedforhegemonySt.Augustin•ThefirstArchbishopofCanterburyin601•HebuilttheCanterburyCathedral.•HeintroducedChristianitytoEngland.•ThefounderoftheEnglishchurchKingArthurThebest-knownEnglishlegendThe5thcenturyStoryKingArthurunitedtheBritish􀀅Hisfamous―roundtableknights􀀅DrovetheSaxonsbackwithhismagicalsword􀀅AheroofBritish,wholeadsthedefenseagainsttheAnglo-Saxoninvadersintheearly6thcenturyViking(871-1042)•Invasiontime–Inthelate8thcentury•FromDenmark–Norsemen,“peoplefromtheNorth”•From1017to1041–EnglandwasruledbyDanishkings.AlfredtheGreat•ThekingofWessex•ThefatherofBritishnavy•AcapablemilitaryleaderandadministratorWestminsterAbbeyIn1042ByEdward,KingofEngland,afaithfulChristianOneoftheoldestbuildingsinLondonAlivingmonumenttoBritishhistoryAlmostallEnglishkingshavebeencrownedthere.InfluencesoftheDanishInvasion•ManyDanishwordsbecameapartoftheBritishvocabulary.Suchas:sky,they,their,them,bank,gate,guessetc.•BritishsystemofcountingwasadoptedfromtheDanes.Like:dozen,penny,foot.•ManynamesofEnglishtownsareborrowedfromtheDanes.NormanConquestThelastforeigninvasioninEnglandThebest-knowneventinEnglishhistoryDukeWilliamofNormandy,fromnorthernFranceWilliamisoftenreferredtoasWilliamtheConqueror.􀀅OnOctober14,1066WilliamandhisarmydefeatedtheEnglisharmyinthebattleofHastings.WilliamwascrownedKingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbey,knownasWilliamIofEngland.ThisinvasioniscalledNormanConquest.InfluencesofNormanConquest•Language--FrenchreplacedEnglishasthelanguageoftherulingclasses.--TheperiodofMiddleEnglishbegan.•Architecture–TheTowerofLondon(Themostfamouscastle)–EnglandbecamealandofcastlesDoomsdayBook--thebaseforfuturetaxation--ausefulsourceofinformationforthemonarchsRobinHood•England’sbest-lovedlegend•HeroicSaxonnoblemenoppressedbytheNormans•―“Merrymen”robbedfromtherichtogivetothepoor.BritishInvasionHistoryInvasionTimeInvaders43A.D.TheRomans5thcenturyTheAnglesandSaxons8thcenturyTheViking1066TheNormansPartIITheFeudalBritain(1066-1485)KeyPoints:1.CommonLaw2.TheMagnaCarta3.ThebeginningofParliament4.ThedeclineoffeudalismFeudalBritainNormanConquestmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland1.AftertheNormanConquest,feudalismwasestablishedinEngland.2.Thenobilitygraduallygainedpower.3.Statemechanismwasgraduallyestablishedsuchastheparliamentarysystemandthecommonlaw.ThesuccessionofmonarchsKings:WilliamI(1066-1154)--(grandson)-HenryII(1154-1189)--(son)-RichardI(1189-1199)--(brother)-KingJohn(1199-1216)--(son)-HenryIII(1216-1272)---EdwardIII---Achievements:Normanconquest---thecommonlaw---crusades---theMagnaCarta---thebeginningofparliament---theestablishmentofparliamentarysystem.Thebeginningoftheparliament•When?--1264,Thenoblesdefeatedtheking•Who?--SimondeMonfortVSHenryIIIHow?SimondeMonfortmadechangesintheformationoftheGreatCouncil--addedsomecommonersintothecouncil•Significance?--laidthefoundationforthedevelopmentoftheEnglishparliamentThedeclineofFeudalismRoot:thefoundationofthemanorsystemwasshakenSeveraleventsshookthefoundationofthefeudalsociety.TheHundredYears’WarTheBlackMouthTyler’sRebellionTheWaroftheRosesTheHundredYears’WarTime:1337-1453•Event•AseriesofwarsbetweenEnglandandFrance•Unexpectedbenefits–TherulingNormansbegantoregardEnglandastheirhome.–Englishwasreestablishedastheofficiallanguage.JoanofArc•Afamouspeasantgirl•UnderJoanofArc,Frenchwonanumberofvictories.•RegardedasanationalFrenchheroine.TheWaroftheRosesAseriesofcivilwarsbetweensupportersofLancasterandYork