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MasculinityStudiesHero•Weallhonorheroesfordifferentreasons.Sometimesfortheirbravery,sometimesfortheirdaring,sometimesfortheirgoodness,butmostlywehonorheroesbecauseatonepointoranotherwealldreamofbeingrescued.FromDHS1E17Definition•Masculinitiesareconfigurationsofpracticewithingenderrelations,astructurethatincludeslarge-scaleinstitutionsandeconomicrelationsaswellasface-to-facerelationshipsandsexuality.Masculinityisinstitutionalizedinthisstructure,aswellasbeinganaspectofindividualcharacterandpersonality.R.WConnell•ConnellisbestknownoutsideAustraliaforstudiesofthesocialconstructionofmasculinity.Shewasoneofthefoundersofthisresearchfield,andherbookMasculinities(1995,2005)isthemost-citedinthefield.Theconceptofhegemonicmasculinityhasbeenparticularlyinfluentialandhasattractedmuchdebate.HarveyMansfield•Inhis2006bookManliness,Mansfielddefendedamoderatelyconservativeunderstandingofgenderroles,andbemoanedthelossofthevirtueofmanlinessinagenderneutralsociety.InaNewYorkTimesinterview,hedefinedtheconceptbrieflyasconfidenceinasituationofrisk.Amanlymanhastoknowwhatheisdoing.Masculinitystudyinthe20thcenturycanbedividedintothreemainparts•Freudmalepsychologicalresearch•thestudyofmalegenderrolesofthesocialpsychology•Baseonanthropology,history,sociologytheoriesFourdistincttypesofMasculinityHegemonyMarginalizationSubordinationComplicityHegemony支配性•Ingenderstudies,hegemonicmasculinityreferstothebeliefintheexistenceofaculturallynormativeidealofmalebehavior.Hegemonicmasculinitypositsthatsocietystronglyencouragesmentoembodythiskindofmasculinity.•Hegemonicmasculinityissaidtobemarkedbyatendencyforthemaletodominateothermalesandsubordinatefemales.FeaturesofhegemonicmasculinityStrengthUnemotionalsuccessControlSubordination从属性•Hegemonyisrelatedtothedominantcultureofsociety,inthisgeneralframework,thereisaspecificruleandsubordinategenderrelationsinthedifferentmalegroups.thereisgenderhierarchyamongthemen,homosexualityliesinthebottomoftheirsituationwhichissimilartothefemale.someheterosexualmeninasubordinatepositionhasalsobeenexpelledfromthecircleofthelegalityofmasculinity.Complicity共谋性•Overthedecades,womenhaverisentohighpoliticalandcorporatepositions.Thisshifthascausedanincreaseinwomenbecomingtheprimaryincome-earnersandmentheprimarycare-givers•Thesemenareperformingdutiesinthehomewhicharenotbeingdonebywomen.Regardlessofageornationality,menmorefrequentlyrankgoodhealth,harmoniousfamilylifeandgoodrelationshipswiththeirspouseorpartnerasimportanttotheirqualityoflife.Marginalization边缘性•Marginalizationisthefurtherrelationshipbetweengenderandotherstructures,suchasclassandracewhichinteracteachother.Thereisakindofrelationshipbetweenthedominantmasculinityandsubordinateclassesorethnicgroups.•Forexample,theblackmanhasthespiritofthesubordinatemasculinity,richblackstarshowsmarginalmasculinity.GenderIdentityTheDefinitionofGenderIdentity•Genderidentityisthegenderapersonself-identifiesas.•Genderidentityisoneprivatesenseofbeingamanorawoman,andconsistsprimarilyoftheacceptanceofmembershipinaparticulargroupofpeople:maleorfemale.•Basicgenderidentityisusuallyformedbyagethreeandisextremelydifficulttochangeafterthat.ConceptualOrigins•Thetermgenderidentitywasoriginallyamedicaltermusedtoexplainsexreassignmentsurgerytothepublic,butisalsofoundinpsychology,oftenascoregenderidentity.FactorsthatInfluencetheDevelopmentofGenderIdentity.•Biologicalfactors•SocialfactorsfamilymassmediaotherinstitutionsProblemsAssociatedwithGenderIdentity•Therecanalsobemanyproblemsassociatedwithgenderidentityaswell.OneofthemajordisordersisGenderIdentityDisorder.GenderIdentityDisorderisdefinedbystrong,persistentfeelingsofidentificationwiththeoppositegenderanddiscomfortwithone'sownassignedsex.