The-Ethnography-of-Communication---言语交际民俗学

TheEthnographyofCommunicationOutline•1.BackgroundofEC•2.StudyonEC•3.MethodologyofEC•4.TheWhorfHypothesis•WhydowestudyEChere?•Thestudyofethnographyofcommunicationnotsimplyconcernedwithlanguagestructure,asstructuralismdoesbutwithlanguageuse,withrulesofspeaking,withthewaysofspeaking,withthewaysinwhichlanguageusersassociatemeaningwithsocialandcontextualfactorslikesettings,participants,channels,etc.•SinceECbringsinsocialcontextsinthewholespeechevent,ithasalsoarousedinterestinthefieldofpragmatics.1.BackgroundofEC•1.1WhydowestudyEChere?•Thestudyofethnographyofcommunicationnotsimplyconcernedwithlanguagestructure,asstructuralismdoesbutwithlanguageuse,withrulesofspeaking,withthewaysofspeaking,withthewaysinwhichlanguageusersassociatemeaningwithsocialandcontextualfactorslikesettings,participants,channels,etc.•SinceECbringsinsocialcontextsinthewholespeechevent,ithasalsoarousedinterestinthefieldofpragmatics.2.StudyonEC•2.1ThedefinitionofEC•Theapproachtothesociolinguisticoflanguageinwhichtheuseoflanguageingeneralisrelatedtosocialandculturalvaluesiscalledtheethnographyofspeakingor,moregenerally,theethnographyofcommunication.•TheEC,orsometimestheethnographyofspeakingoriginallyatopicdiscussedinsociolinguisticsandanthropology.•Theethnographyofspeakingisconcernedwiththesituationsanduses,thepatternsandfunctions,ofspeakingasanactivityinitsownright.(Hymes,1962)•DellHymes(1927-)•Americansocialanthropologistandlinguist,commonlyacknowledged“father”ofthisfieldoflinguisticstudy.•AccordingtoFasold(2000:39–40),Hymeswasconcernedthatbothlinguistsandanthropologistsweremissingalargeandimportantareaofhumancommunication:•anthropologistshadlongconductedethnographicstudiesofdifferentaspectsofculturesbuttreatedlanguageassubsidiary;•linguistswerepayingtoomuchattentiontolanguageasanabstractsystem.•TheECthusacombinationofthetwodisciplinesinvolved.2.2ThefeaturesofEC•Itoccursanddevelopsinacertainnation,anditmanifestedbythecertainnation'sculture.•Itisstableandcanbecomepartofpeople'slife,indifferenttimes,ithasdifferenthistoricalcharacteristics.2.3ThefunctionsofEC•Intheprocessofsocialization,itservesaneducationandmoldingrole.•Itrestrainspeople'sbehaviorinthesamecommunity.•Ithelpssocietyandsocialliferemainstable.Speechcommunity•ItisoneofHymes'semphasesthatwaysofspeakingcanvarysubstantiallyfromoneculturetoanother,eveninthemostfundamentalways.•SchegloffpointedoutthatmostmiddleclasswhiteAmericanshavea‘nogap,nooverlap’ruleforconversation.•ReismanfoundquitetheusualpracticeforAntiguanstocarryondiscussionswithmorethanonespeakerspeakingatthesametime.•Saville-TroikereportedinsomeAmericanIndiangroups,commonforapersontowaitseveralminutesinsilencebeforeansweringaquestionortakingaspeakingturn.•Iftherulesforspeakingcanbedifferentfromonesocialgrouptothenext,howaboutpeoplewhospeakthesamelanguage?Actually,Itcan'tbedecidedonthebasisofspeakingthesamelanguage,either.•InEnglandconversationsinpublicplaceslikerestaurantsconductedinlowvoice.•InAmericaeasilyoverheardbyothersinthesameroomunlessthegroupwanttokeepitpersonalorsecret.•PeopleinthetwoSChavedifferentnormsforusingthesameEnglishlanguage.•Fortheabovereasons,definingSChasprovedtobefarfromeasyintermsoftheEC.•Hymes(1972b:53-5)insiststhatallmembersofaspeechcommunitysharenotonlythesamerulesforspeaking,butatleastonelinguisticvarietyaswell.•Saville-Troike(1982:20)speaksofalevelofanalysisatwhichaspeechcommunityneednotsharealanguage.•Byalldefinitions,though,aspeechcommunitymustatleastsharerulesforspeaking.•Saville-TroikementionsoverlappinginherdiscussionofSC,Fasoldconsidersthiscomponentessential.•Saville-Troike'sinsightisthatpeoplecanbemembersofseveralspeechcommunitiesatthesametime.situation,eventandact•Inordertostudythecommunicativebehaviorwithinaspeechcommunity,itisnecessarytoworkwithunitsofinteraction.•Hymesthinksanestedhierarchyofunitscalledspeechsituation,speechevent,andspeechactwillbeusefulinthestudyofcommunicativebehavior.•Inthisthreeunithierarchy:•speechactsarepartofspeecheventswhichare,inturn,partofspeechsituations.SpeechSituations•Hymesdescribesspeechsituationsas:“situationsassociatedwith(ormarkedbytheabsenceof)speech”.Theexampleshegivesareceremonies,fights,hunts,etc.•Speechsituations:notpurelycommunicative;maybecomposedofbothcommunicativeandotherkindsofevents.Maybeshootingwhilespeaking.Speechevents•Aspeecheventtakesplacewithinaspeechsituationandiscomposedofoneormorespeechacts.•Forexample,ajokemightbeaspeechact(Icaneatahorsetoday)thatispartofaconversation(aspeechevent)whichtakesplaceataparty(aspeechsituation).Speechact•“Speechact”isthesimplest,thesimplestbecauseitisthe“minimaltermoftheset”.Speaking•InadditiontolookingatcommunicationascomposedofSsituation,Sevents,andSacts,Hymessuggeststherearecertaincomponentsofspeechthattheethnographershouldlookfor.Hymesputstheminto8groups,eachlabeledwithoneofthelettersoftheword“speaking”.(justformemory)1)Sstandsforsituation(场景）•Scomposedofthesettingandthescene.•Setting:aboutthephysicalcircumstancesofacommunicativeevent,includingthetimeandplace.•Scene:the“psychologicalsetting”:whatkindofs