Contemporary:严复:信、达、雅傅雷:神似论钱钟书:化境论鲁迅:宁信而不顺--目的:引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深:宁错务顺---目的:可读性强,便于交流瞿秋白:信顺统一林语堂:忠实、通顺、美许渊冲:优势竞赛论辜正坤:多元互补论TRANSLATIONTHEORIESINCHINAAncient:三国支谦的“因循本旨,不加文饰”东晋释道安的“五失本三不易”六朝鸠摩罗什的“依实出华”隋代彦琮提出“八备说”唐朝玄奘的“五不翻”所谓“五失本”,通俗地说就是,将原典翻译为汉语时,有五种情况易于失去原本的面貌(不仅仅是“失去原意):(1)胡语和汉语的语序或语言结构不同,翻译时要改变原文语序采用汉语语序,因而译文失去了原典的语法结构特征。(2)原典的语言本是质朴无华,而中国人一向喜好文饰,所以汉译时会因修饰而失去原文语言质朴的特点。(3)原典常有反覆重述的情形,翻译时容易被随意删削,会失去原典的文本特点。(4)原典经文中,常附有解释说明性的文字,汉译时若被任意删除,同样会失去原典的文本特征。(5)佛经有自己独特的语体,它在说完一事再接叙它事之时,常有重述前文的情形,汉译时多省略重覆的部分,所以会失去原文的语体特征。所谓“三不易”,即译经的时候有三种不容易的情况:(1)佛经是依当时的情况而说的,而今时俗全然不同,要使经文变为今人可读可懂的文章,不容易。(2)千年以上的圣贤所说的微言大义,要传达给百世以下的今世凡夫所理解,不容易。(3)佛经是距佛世不久由大迦叶、阿难等具足神通的大阿罗汉结集而成,现在要由千年后的凡夫俗子来传译,不容易。”所谓“五不翻”,即五种不意译而是用音译的情形:1、秘密故不翻。具有神秘色彩的词语应该不翻。如六字真言“唵嘛呢叭咪吽”意为“哦!莲花里的珠宝”。不照字面意义翻译出来,保持了佛语的神秘和庄重。2、含多义故不翻。如梵语“薄伽梵”一词具有六种意义:“自在、炽盛、端严、名称、吉祥、尊贵”,这些词无法找到等同的中文词.3、无此故不翻。指源语所指代的事物在目的语文化中不存在或是找不到对应物,如“阎浮树”。阎浮树只产于印度等地,在中国并无对应物,因此翻译时只能保留原音。4、顺古故不翻。对于某些词语约定俗成的翻译方法,应该不做更改。5,生善故不翻。具有特殊意义或功能的词语也应该采用音译,因为有些词汇用音译能令人产生尊重之念,否则容易让人忽视。例如梵文里“般若”的意思和智慧差不多,如果我们把“般若”翻译成“智慧”就显得过于轻浅。诚心爱法,志愿益人,不殚久时,其备一也;诚心热爱佛法,立志帮助别人,不怕费时长久。·将践觉场,先牢戒足,不染讥恶,其备二也;品行端正,忠实可信,不惹旁人讥疑。·诠晓三藏,义贯两乘,不苦暗滞,其备三也;博览经典,通达义旨,不存在暗昧疑难的问题。·旁涉坟史,工缀典词,不过鲁拙,其备四也;涉猎中国经史,兼擅文学,不要过于疏拙。·襟抱平恕,器量虚融,不好专执,其备五也;度量宽和,虚心求益,不可武断固执。·耽於道术,淡於名利,不欲官衔,其备六也;爱道术,淡于名利,不想出风头。·要识梵言,乃闲正译,不坠彼学,其备七也;精通梵文,熟悉正确的翻译方法,不失梵文所载的义理。·薄阅苍雅,粗谙篆隶,不昧此文,其备八也。兼通中国训诂之学,不使译本文字欠准确。严复:信、达、雅严复在《天演论》(EvolutionandEthicsandOtherEssays)的《译例言》里感叹“译事三难,信、达、雅”,此三字真言从此成为中国数代翻译家遵从的翻译标准,同时也开创了中国现当代翻译理论的先河。就翻译理论而言,信达雅中的“雅”字在翻译学术界所引起的争议最大。他引用孔子的“言之无文,行之不远”来阐释“雅”的重要性。他认为不能用“近世利俗文字”,“理之精者,不能载以粗犷之词,而情之正者,不可达以鄙倍之气”许渊冲:“美化之艺术、创优似竞赛”乌夜啼林花谢了春红,太匆匆!无奈朝来寒雨晚来风。胭脂泪,留人醉,几时重?自是人生常恨水常东。TUNE:“CROWSCRYINGATNIGHT”Spring’srosycolorfadesfromforestflowersToosoon,toosoon.HowcantheybearcoldmorningshowersAndwindsatnoon?YourrougedtearslikecrimsonrainWillkeepmedrinkinwoe.Whenshallwemeetagain?Thestreamoflifewithendlessgriefwilloverflow.辜正坤:多元互补论翻译标准的千年难题绝对标准即原作本身,要想绝对忠实,只有一字不译,照搬原作;最高标准即抽象标准,可以理论表述为最佳近似度,即译文与原文在各个层面的最佳近似程度;具体标准即分类标准,它们各自具有特定功能而又互相补充。绝对标准是最高标准的标准,最高标准又是具体标准的标准。这样一来,一元的绝对标准和最高标准与多元的具体标准之间形成强大的辩证张力,在理论和实践两个方面都成功地解决了翻译标准的千年难题。TRANSLATIONTHEORIESINTHEWESTthe‘pre-linguisticsperiodoftranslation’triad:‘literal’faithful‘free’TranslationStudies(sincethesecondhalfofthe20thcentury)JamesS.Holmes(霍姆斯)VanDoorslaer(道斯莱尔)TRANSLATIONTHEORIESINTHEWESTmeaningandequivalenceEugeneA.Nida(奈达)shiftJean-PaulVinay(维奈)&JeanDarbelnet(达贝尔内)functionaltheoriesoftranslationKatharinaReiss(赖斯)discourseandregisteranalysisapproachesM.A.K.Halliday(韩礼德)SystemstheoriesGideonToury(图里)CulturalandideologicalturnsAndreLefevere(勒菲弗尔)&SusanBassnett(巴斯奈特)linguisitc,withinthetextcultural,beyondthetextliteraryMarcusTulliusCicero(西塞罗)TheRomanrhetoricianandpolitician(106–43BCE)AndIdidnottranslatethemasaninterpreter,butasanorator,keepingthesameideasandforms,orasonemightsay,the‘figures’ofthought,butinlanguagewhichconformstoourusage.Andinsodoing,Ididnotholditnecessarytorenderwordforword,butIpreservedthegeneralstyleandforceofthelanguage.(Cicero46BCE/1960CE:364)StJerome(圣哲罗姆)themostfamousofallwesterntranslators(347–420CE)NowInotonlyadmitbutfreelyannouncethatintranslatingfromtheGreek–exceptofcourseinthecaseoftheHolyScripture,whereeventhesyntaxcontainsamystery–Irendernotword-for-word,butsenseforsense.(StJerome395CE/1997:25)manymoderntheoreticiansconcurthatthemainproblemwiththewritingsontranslationinthisperiodwasthatthecriteriaforjudgementswerevagueandsubjectiveandthatthejudgementsthemselveswerehighlynormative.Asareactionagainstsuchvaguenessandcontradictions,translationtheoryinthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcenturymadevariousattemptstoredefinetheconcepts‘literal’and‘free’inoperationalterms,todescribe‘meaning’inscientificterms,andtoputtogethersystematictaxonomiesoftranslationphenomena.Althoughitmayhavedatedorneedstoberewritten,themapisstilloftenemployedasapointofdepartureforitspotentialtoincorporatedevelopmentsinthisfield.Translationlingualmode(interlingual,intralingual);media(printed,audiovisual,electronic);mode(covert/overttranslation,direct/indirecttranslation,mothertongue/othertonguetranslation,pseudo-translation,retranslation,self-translation,sighttranslation,etc.);field(political,journalistic,technical,literary,religious,scientific,commercial).Translationstudiesapproaches(e.g.culturalapproach,linguisticapproach);theories(e.g.generaltranslationtheory,polysystemtheory);researchmethods(e.g.descriptive,empirical);appliedtranslationstudies(criticism,didactics,institutionalenvironment).NidaThekeytermswerefirstdiscussedbyRomanJakobsonin1959.Formalequivalence:Formalequivalencefocusesattentiononthemessageitself,inbothformandcontent...Oneisconcernedthatthemessageinthereceptorlanguageshouldmatchascloselyaspossiblethedifferentelementsinthesourcelanguage.(Nida1964a:159)Dynamicequivalence:Dynamic,later‘functional’,equivalenceisbasedonwhatNidacalls‘theprincipleofequivalenteffect’,where‘therelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessageshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatwhichexistedbetweentheoriginalr