奶牛场干牛粪做牛床垫料及垫料添加频率的研究

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CornellCooperativeExtension康奈尔农业推广系统CornellWasteManagementInstitute康奈尔大学废物管理研究所DepartmentofCrop&SoilSciences农作物与土壤科学系RiceHall•Ithaca,NY14853607-255-1187•cwmi@cornell.edu“Howfrequentlyshouldstallsberefreshedwithnewbedding”casestudy干牛粪用作奶牛垫料及有关“卧床垫料添加频率”的案例研究Overview概述Goodlivestockbeddingsourceshavebecomeharderforfarmstosecure.Thepriceofexistingsourceshasincreasedandthenthosesourceshavestartedtodisappearduetothedemandforbiofuels.Atthesametime,thereisstillplentyofmanureonfarmsthatmightserveasimilarpurposeifprocessedbyseparation,digestionandorcomposting.Inmanycasesweproducemoremanurethanourcropsneedwhichcanoverloadsoilswithnutrients.Dairiesarelookingforalternativebeddingsourcesandsomehaveimplementedseparatedordriedmanuresolids(DMS)asbedding.WillitworkintheNortheast?Therehasbeenconcernthatthewetandcoldwintersandhot,humidsummerswouldnotbegoodforusingDMSandconcernoverusingabeddingthatmaycarryapathogenload.Somefarmsseemtobemakingitwork.CornellWasteManagementInstitute(CWMI)contactedthefarmsthathadbeenorwerestartingtouseDMSbeddingandconductedresearchonthosefarmstodeterminethefeasibilityofusingmanuresolidsasdairycowbedding.如今,农场难以保证获得优质的畜舍垫料。现用垫料价格有所上涨,另外由于生物燃料的需求,还有一些垫料来源也开始消失。但是,农场每天产生的大量粪便,在经过分离、发酵或堆肥加工后可用作牲畜垫料。在许多情况下,我们生产的肥料远多于我们农作物所需,造成土壤营养过剩。牛奶场正寻求可替代的垫料来源,已有部分使用分离的或干牛粪(DMS)作垫料。这个方法在东北部可行吗?一些人担心湿冷的冬季和湿热的夏季不适合使用固体干粪,还担心所使用的垫料会附带病原体。一些农场正试图寻找解决办法。康奈尔大学废物管理学院联系了已使用或开始使用干牛粪作垫料的农场,并对这些农场进行研究,以判断使用干牛粪作奶牛垫料的可行性。MarySchwarzandJeanBonhotalCornellWasteManagementInstituteA.EdwardStaehrCornellDepartmentofAppliedEconomicsandManagementForadditionalbeddingresourcesgoto:使用干牛粪作奶牛垫料2CornellWasteManagementInstitute康奈尔大学废物管理研究所2010Beddingstallswithmanuresolids.用干牛粪作垫料的卧床。QuestionsThatWereInvestigated调查的问题TheareasofconcernfortheuseofDMS,oranybeddingmaterial,revolvearoundthebacterialandphysicalpropertiesofthematerial,theireffectonudderhealth,thehealthoffeetandlegs,andtheeconomicsofuse.Weattemptedtoanswerthefollowing:对使用干牛粪或其他垫料的担忧,主要是因为材料中的细菌和材料的物理性质对牛的乳房和肢蹄健康的影响,以及使用这些垫料的经济效益。我们试图弄清楚以下几个问题:→Arebacterialconcentrationsintheunusedandusedbeddingdifferentbetweenthedifferentfarm/beddingstrategies?→对于不同的农场/垫料,垫料在使用前后的细菌浓度会不同吗?→Aretherephysicalfactorssuchasmoistureandparticlesize,intheunusedandusedbeddingthataredifferentamongthefarm/beddingstrategies?→对于不同的农场/垫料,垫料在使用前后的湿度和粒度等物理因素会不同吗?→Dothebacterialcountsinand/orthepropertiesofthebeddinghaveaneffectonudderhealth?→垫料中的细菌数及/或垫料的性质会影响奶牛的乳房健康吗?→WilltheuseofDMScontributetothespreadofJohnesdiseaseinaherd?→使用干牛粪会促使副结核病在牛群中传播吗?→WhataretheeconomicimplicationsofusingDMSasbedding?→使用干牛粪作垫料的经济效益有哪些?→WhatistheimpactoftheuseofDMSonfeetandlegs?→使用干牛粪对牛肢蹄和腿等关节有什么影响?Research研究Design设计SixfarmsusingdifferenttypesofDMSstrategies,includingafarmthatalsousedsandasbedding,participatedinthisstudy.Ateachofthefarms,wetooksamplesofthebeddingmaterial(bothunusedandused)overaoneyearperiodandanalyzedthemforbacterialcount,thepresenceofMycobacteriumaviumparatuberculosis(MAP–theorganismresponsibleforJohnesdisease)andphysicalproperties.Welookedatfarmrecordsofmastitisandsomaticcellcount(SCC),andperformedaneconomicanalysisofthecostsavingsfromusingmanuresolids.参与该项研究的有六个牧场,均使用干牛粪做垫料,包括一个同时使用沙子作垫料的牧场,这几个牧场垫料的具体处理方式有差异。在每个牧场,我们提取了垫料(垫料在使用前后分别取样)样品,进行了为期一年多的研究,分析其中的细菌数、是否存在副结核分支杆菌(引起副结核病的有机体)及物理性质。我们查看了乳房炎和体细胞数的记录,并分析了使用干牛粪的经济成本。MarySchwarz和JeanBonhotal康奈尔大学废物管理研究所A.EdwardStaehr美国康奈尔大学应用经济与管理系如需了解更多垫料相关信息,请登陆网站:使用干牛粪作奶牛垫料3CornellWasteManagementInstitute康奈尔大学废物管理研究所2010DescriptionofDMSStrategies有关干牛粪处理的说明•FarmAseparatedtheirmanurethenputitthroughadrumcomposterwitharetentiontimeof24hours.Thebeddingwasleftinapileforonedayandthenspreadina3-inchlayeronconcretestalls.Beddingwasrefreshedthreetimesaweek.•农场A将粪便固液分离,将固体放入筒式堆肥设备,并在里面储存24个小时。然后将垫料堆成一排放置1天后,抛撒在卧床上,厚度达3英寸(7.6cm),垫料每星期添加3次。•FarmBseparatedtheirmanurethenwindrowcomposteditfor10daysbeforespreadingitina2-inchlayeronmattresses.Theyputinfreshbeddingsixtimesperweek.•农场B先将粪便固液分离,采用舍内风道堆肥法,储存为10天,抛撒在橡胶垫上,厚度达2英寸(5cm)。他们每星期添加6次垫料。•FarmCdigestedtheirmanurethenseparated.Theywouldtakethesolidsfromdirectlyundertheseparatorandspreadthemina2-3-inchlayeronmattresses.Freshbeddingwasputinthestallstwotimesperweek.•农场C,粪便先发酵然后固液分离,分离机后的固体直接抛撒在牛床上,厚度达2至3英寸(5-7.6cm)。垫料每星期添加两次。•FarmDseparated,thenpiledtheirmanureforaboutthreedays,oruseditdirectlyfromtheseparatordependentonthevolumeofsolidstheyhadonthedaystheyspreadfreshbedding,whichoccurredtwiceaweek.Theyusedsolidsindeepbedswhichareabout12to24inches.Whenbeddingisrefreshedindeepbeds,anadditionalinchortwoisadded.•农场D将粪便固液分离后,固体堆放三天,或根据垫料添加当天干粪的体积,直接取出干粪使用,垫料每星期添加两次。将干粪铺在深槽牛床上,厚度约12至24英寸不等。每次添加垫料后,厚度会增加1至2英寸。•FarmEwasjuststartingtousemanuresolidswhenwestartedthestudy.Thisfarmhadbeenusingsandandleasedadrumcomposter(photoonpage5)witha3-dayretentiontimetousesolids.Thefarmusedgreensolids,compostedsolids,andsandsowecouldcomparet

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