网络互动营销的几个关键点

IEEEC37.234GuideforProtectiveRelayApplicationtoPowerSystemBusesB.Kasztenny(Chairman),S.Conrad(Vice-Chairman),P.Beaumont,K.Behrendt,O.Bolado,J.Boyle,G.Brunello,J.Burger,F.Calero,S.Chano,G.Dalke,A.Darlington,H.DoCarmo,D.Fontana,Z.Gajic,J.Holbach,L.Kojovic,F.Lopez,D.Lukach,D.McGinn,J.Miller,P.Mysore,J.O'Brien,B.Pickett,S.Sambasivan,G.Sessler,V.Skendzic,J.Smith,D.Tholomier,M.Thompson,J.Uchiyama,D.Ware,D.Weers,R.Whittaker,R.Young,S.ZochollPresentationtotheMainCommitteeofPSRC,January14,2010,Orlando,FL迈鼎•Definitions•Busconfigurations•Introductiontobusprotection•Relayinputsources•Busprotectionmethods•Applicationofbusprotectionschemes•AnnexesDefinitions•23newtermsdefined•Busprotectionandprimaryequipmentbreakersubstitution–Temporaryusageofabustiebreakerinamultiplebusconfigurationtosubstituteforoneofthenetworkelement’scircuitbreakers,typicallyforthemaintenanceofthelatter;alsoknownasbreakertransfercheckzone–Nonselectivepartofamulti-zonebusprotectionsystemmeasuringcurrentflowsaroundtheentirestationandsupervisingselectivetrippingfromindividualbuszonesofprotectionstubbus–AreaofabusorlinethatbecomesisolatedfromtheoriginalzoneofprotectionoranareathatlosesprotectionduetothelossofsensingtozoneprotectionrelaysBusarrangements•Singlebus•Mainandtransferbus•Double-busdouble-breaker•Double-bussingle-breaker•Breaker-and-a-half•RingbusMainandtransferbusBuszoneTransferbusTBMainandtransferbusBuszoneTransferbusTBIntroductiontobusprotection•Zonesofprotection•Busprotectionmethods•SchemeselectionguidelinesZonesofprotectionBuszoneDynamiczonesofprotectionC-1CT-1CB-1BSw-1CT-5CB-4CT-4DSw-2DSw-1C-2CT-2CB-2BSw-2DSw-4DSw-3C-3CT-3CB-3BSw-3DSw-6DSw-5BUS1BUS2DynamiczonesofprotectionC-1CT-1CB-1BSw-1CT-5CB-4CT-4DSw-2DSw-1C-2CT-2CB-2BSw-2DSw-4DSw-3C-3CT-3CB-3BSw-3DSw-6DSw-5BUS1BUS2ZonesofprotectionOver-trippingspotforbusprotectionBlindspotfornetworkelementprotectionBusOver-trippingspotfornetworkelementprotectionBlindspotforbusprotectionBusBusprotectionmethods•Differential–Differentially-connectedovercurrent•Instantaneous•Time-delayed–Percentage-restraineddifferential•Restrained•Advancedmicroprocessorbased–High-impedancedifferential•Resistor-stabilizedovercurrent•High-impedance–Partialdifferentialovercurrent–FaultbusBusprotectionmethods•Zone-interlockedschemes–Simpleblocking–Directionalblocking•Time-coordinatedrelaysoverlappingthebus•Protection(sensors)builtintothegasisolatedswitchgear**NotcoveredintheGuideSchemeselectionDifferentiallyconnectedovercurrentPercentage-restraineddifferentialAdvancedpercentage-restraineddifferentialHigh-impedancedifferentialPartialdifferentialovercurrentZoneinterlockedsimpleblockingZoneinterlockeddirectionalblockingTimecoordinatedrelaysthatoverlapthebuszoneBreaker/BusArrangementsFixedbusarrangementsRRRSwitchablebusarrangementsR1N1BusSectionalizedwithswitchesRRRBuseswithlowshortcircuitlevelsRRRAvailableCTsDedicatedCTsavailableRRRSharedCTswithotherprotectionRRNRRUnmonitorednetworkelementsNNNRRRRCTswithunmatchedratiosNRRN2RRCTswithlowaccuracyclassNR3R4PerformanceSelectivityHHHHLHHLSpeedH5MHHL6MMLSensitivityH5MMHLMMMSecurityLMHHLMMH71Relayinputsources•Currenttransformers–Types–Accuracyclasses–Equivalentcircuit&timetosaturation–NouniversalCTrequirements•VoltageTransformers–Voltagetripsupervision–Directionalblockingschemes•PositionofswitchesandbreakersDetailedschemereview•Section7givesin-depthreviewofeachmethodfollowingaconsistentpattern–Theoryofoperation–Settingconsiderations–CTrequirements–ApplicationconsiderationsExample–High-impedanceschemeVoltagesetting:•AbovethemaximumvoltageforanexternalfaultassumingthatoneCTsaturatescompletely•HighenoughsothatpickupcurrentisabovetheshortcircuitcurrentonthesecondaryofanyPTorstationservicetransformerinsidethebuszone•BelowtheaccuracyclassvoltageratingofthelowestaccuracyclassCTinthedifferentialcircuit•LowenoughsothatpickupcurrentisbelowtheminimumfaultcurrentforthebusZL1ZL1ZL2ZL2ZL3ZL3ZL4ZL4ZLRZLRZSRZCT1ZCT2ZCT3ZCT45059MOV8687Example–High-impedanceschemeCTrequirements:•CTsdedicatedtobusprotection(cannotbeshared)•EqualCTratios*•TheaccuracyclassvoltageratingoftheCTwiththelowestaccuracyclassabovetheselectedvoltagesetting,withmarginZL1ZL1ZL2ZL2ZL3ZL3ZL4ZL4ZLRZLRZSRZCT1ZCT2ZCT3ZCT45059MOV8687*RatiomatchingcoveredbutdiscouragedApplicationofbusprotection•Partialdifferential–Loads–Capacitorbanks–Applicationwithovercurrentanddistancerelays•Combinedbusandtransformerzone•Buseswithdirectlyconnectedgroundingtransformers•Applicationofauxiliarytransformers–GenerallydiscouragedApplicationofbusprotection•ApplicationswithparalleledCTs–Generallydiscouraged–GuidelinesincludedRestrainedLow-ImpedanceBusProtectionRelayThisrelayinputdoesnotmeasuretheexternalfaultcurrent12345Applicationofbusprotection•Applicationofauxiliarytrippingrelays–Lockoutrelays–Non-lockoutrelays–Ratings•Automaticreclosingafterbusfaults•Dynamicbusreplica•Check-zone•VoltagetripsupervisionDynamicbusreplicaC-1CT-1CB-1BSw-1CT-5CB-4CT-4DSw-2DSw-1C-2CT-2CB-2BSw-2DSw-4DSw-3C-3CT-3CB-3BSw-3DSw-6DSw-5BUS1BUS2Position