搜索
、,;、,。2006Vol.33№.512(510665)1(151742)2DirectedDiffusion(DD)[1,2],,(RoundRobinPathScheduling,RRPS)。,,(Sourcenode)(Sinknode)(Inter-mediatenode)。:,,;,,。,RRPS,,。,,,,,ANovelDifferentiatedServicesMechanismforReal-timeTrafficTransmissioninWirelessSensorNetworksZHUXiao-Song1CHENMin2(Dept.ofElectronic&InformationEngineering,GuangdongPolytechnicNormalUniversity,Guangzhou510665)1(SchoolofComputerScienceandEngineering,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul151742,Korea)2AbstractInthispaper,anovelDifferentiatedServiceschedulingalgorithmforwirelesssensornetworkbasedonDi-rectedDiffusionhasbeenintroduced.TheproposedschedulingschemecalledRoundRobinPathScheduling(RRPS).ForRTtraffic,RRPStakesintoconsiderationthehopcountofapathfirstandthentheminimumavailableenergya-longthepathwhenitsetsupthepathbetweenasensorandasink.Meanwhile,forBEtraffic,RRPSputshigherpri-orityontheminimumavailableenergyofthepathcomparedtothehopcount.ComprehensivesimulationexperimentsshowthatRRPShasthefollowingadvantages:(1)differentiatesdisseminationserviceforRTandBEtraffic,(2)a-chieveslowerdelayforRTtrafficthanDirectedDiffusion(DD),(3)exhibitssubstantiallylongernetworklifetimethanDD.KeywordsWirelesssensornetworks,Directeddiffusion,Energy-balancing,Schedulingalgorithm,Differentiatedservices(DiffServ),Real-timetransmission,QoS1[3,4],、。,、。,。IP,,。,(),。,,。,,[5～10]。,“”,(QoS)。,。,,,(Sinknode),。,,。,。,,,。QoS[11,12]。QoS,IETF(InternetEngineeringTaskForce)。(DiffServ,DifferentiatedServices)IETFQoS[13,14]。,、、、,DSDSCP(DifferentiatedServiceCodePoint);IP,DSCP。IPadhocQoS,。,。DirectedDiffusion(DD),,(RoundRobinPathScheduling)。,,·36·(Sourcenode)(Sinknode)(Inter-mediatenode)。:,RRPS,;,RRPS。,RRPS,,。21,OPNET[15]。300200m。,。15m。。,(targetregion)。。,、、。,。,。121。,。,。。2,、、。,。,。RRPSDD。2MbpsMAC(S-MAC[9])。3。,。。,。,,,。“”。RRPS。。3。33,SinkID;ApplicationContext,(、、,)。,(ISeqNum)1。,(VariableAttributes)。TTL,。,,TTL。(RT-gradient-UpdataFlag,RUF)(BUF)(RTBE)。,:(Minimum-Path-Energy,MPE)。MPE,,。,,。,MPE。,MPE,。,,。·46·:、,DD。(HopCount,HC),。MPEHC,,,。4BEMPEHCRTBE。RTHC,,;,,,MPEHC。3.1(BE)4BUF(BE)。,。PreviousHopID5(NeighborInformationEntry,NIE),(,IEEEMAC)。NIE(NeighborInformationTa-ble,NIT)。5CurrentMPENIE。44。5,A(Path-A)s,op;Bsm;Cs,uv。Af、Bf、CfA、B、Ci(i)。ip,AfMPE,CurrentMPE,min[i,MPE(Path-A)]。,MPE(Path-Af)MPE(Path-Bf)MPE(Path-Cf),iAfpMPE。,iBUF,MPE。6BUFBE·56·6BE。6(a),i,:(1)pBE;(2)p;(3)BUF。6(b),,:(1)mBE;(2)BfMPE40,AfMPE,。6(c)i:(1)v;(2)CfMPE70,AfMPE,v;(3)BUF。3.2RT7RT。BE,(8)。8(a),i,:(1)pRT;(2)p;(3)RUF。8(b),,:(1)mRT;(2)BfHC1,AfHC,m;(3)RUF。8(c)i:(1)v;(2)CfHC2,BfMPE,。,HC,MPE,RT(7)。7RT8RUFRT4(RoundRobinPathSchedu-ling,RRPS)(RRPS)BERT(3)。,RRPS。,,9RT,。A-1、A-2A-3(PathGroup,PG),PG-A。,PG-A。3(A-1、A-2、A-3),RRPSMPE,MPE。PG-A,PG-B。,,RRPS,PG。,:A-1,A-2,A-3,A-1,A-2,A-3,…(PG-A),B-1,B-2,B-1,B-2,…(PG-B),C-1,C-2,C-1,C-2,。(BE),RRPSBEMPE(),·66·(globalenergybalance)。,BE:A-1,A-2,A-3,B-1,B-2,C-1,C-2,D-1,D-2,E-1,E-2,A-1,A-2,…。,RRPSBE。9RRPSRRPSRTBE。。10,RT()。PG。,(Delaylevel),,MPE,(PG)。,,,。3,TTL,。,,。,RRPSRT。10RRPS11。,BE11RT,RRPSMPE。,MPE,。,,RRPS。11RRPS5DirectedDiffusion,RTBE。1。1(s)300(packet/s)100(bits)1024(Mbps)2(m2)200n200300(m)1512(a)、13(a)、14(a)RTBE1/1,1/2,1/3,12(b)、13(b)、14(b)。:(1)RTBE,BERT;(2),BE,RT,;(3),BE。4。RTMinHC(9PG-A),,(9PG-B、PG-C),BE。,RRPSBERT。12(a)、13(a)、14(a)BERT。15RRPSDD。DD,RTBE,RRPSRT。,,RRPSDD3000s。·76·12RTBE1g113RTBE1g214RTBE1g3DirectedDif-fusion(DD),,(RoundRobinPathScheduling,RRPS)。RRPS。RTBE,,,,;,,。,RRPS,,。,RTBE,RT。,,,,。1IntanagonwiwatC,GovindanR,EstrinD.Directeddiffusion:Ascalableandrobustcommunicationparadigmforsensornetworks.Proceedingsofthe6thAnnualACM/IEEEMobiCom’00,Bos-ton,MA,August20002SilvaS,HeidemannJ,GovindanR,etal.DirectedDiffusion:[TechnicalReport].ISI-TR-2004-586,USC/InformationSci-·86·encesInstitute,January,2004.ToappearinFrontiersinDistrib-utedSensorNetworks,IyengarSSandBrooksRR,ed3AkkayaK,dounisM.ASurveyofRoutingProtocolsinWirelessSensorNetworks.intheElsevierAdHocNetworkJournal(toappear)4ChongCd,KumarS.Sensornetworks:Evolution,opportuni-ties,andchallenge.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,2003,91(8):1247～12565ChoiW,ShahP,DasSK.AFrameworkforEnergy-SavingDataGatheringUsingTwo-PhaseClusteringinWirelessSensorNet-works.ProceedingsofMobileandUbiquitousSystems(Mobiq-uitous):NetworkingandServices,Boston,Aug.20046ShahR,RabaeyJ.EnergyAwareRoutingforLowEnergyAdHocSensorNetworks.ProceedingsoftheIEEEWirelessCom-municationsandNetworkingConference(WCNC),Orlando,FL,March20027WuK,Gaod,LiF,etal.LightweightDeployment-AwareSchedulingforWirelessSensorNetworks.ToappearinACM/KluwerMONETJournal,SpecialIssueonEnergyConstraintsandLifetimePerformanceinWirelessSensorNetworks8SichitiuML.Cross-LayerSchedulingforPowerinWirelessSen-sorNetworks.ProceedingsINFOCOM’04,HongKong,China,March20049HongXiaoyan,GerlaM,WangHanbiao,etal.Loadbalanced,energyawarecommunicationsforMarssensornetworks.In:IEEEAerospaceConferenceProceedings,vol.3,2002,3.3-1109-3-111510HuangShih-Chang,JanRong-Hong.Energy-aware,loadbal-ancedroutingschemesforsensornetworks.In:ProceedingsofTenthInternationalConferenceonParallelandDistributedSys-tems(ICPADS2004),2004.419～42511AkkayaK,dounisM.Energy-awareroutingoftime-c