内容提要1内容提要注册会计师职业的诞生最早可追溯到1853年苏格兰爱丁堡注册会计师协会的成立,时至今日,这一“伟大”的职业已经走过150年的历史。在其漫长的发展过程中,审计服务在相当长的时间里一直是注册会计师的核心(core)业务,被认为是“推动注册会计师职业发展的最主要的因素和最强大的动力(林启云,2002)”。但是,随着社会经济的不断发展与进步,自20世纪80年代,注册会计师职业界的业务结构却发生了微妙的变化——非审计服务的收入比例与日俱增,并逐步取代了审计服务成为注册会计师业务体系中的“主角”。例如,从1985年到1995年期间,世界上“六大”会计师事务所的审计收入占总收入的比例由58%降低到不足46%(杜兴强,2001)。1999年,“五大”会计师事务所中,安达信、普华永道、安永、德勤、毕马威的审计收入比例分别为18%、35%、34%、31%、36%。非审计服务的迅猛发展使之成为众“宠”之物,引发了社会各界的强烈关注。职业界的争论,社会公众的质疑最终使得政府监管部门不得不涉足其中。2000年,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)在其主席阿瑟·利维特(ArthurLevitt)的极力推动下,开展了一场声势浩大的独立性规则修订运动,从而点燃了非审计服务与注册会计师独立性的大论战——“独立战争”的导火索。2001年岁末,“安然大厦”轰然倒地,“百年老店”安达信被“扫地出门”,“五大”变“四大”,更是将这场“战争”推向高潮。2002年7月,美国政府以立法形式出台了限制非审计服务的《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》,其他国家也纷纷“效仿跟从”。在此背景下,从理论高度对非审计服务进行全面、系统地审视与剖析,显得尤为重要。本文将从以下三个部分进行论述:第一部分是非审计服务概论,首先介绍了非审计服务的定义与类别,其次回顾了现代非审计服务的发展历史(19世纪末20世纪初至20世纪90年代中期),最后以“史”为鉴,从宏观和微观两个角度深刻剖析了非审计服务的发展动因。第二部分是本文的核心部分。如果以时间为线索(纵向)来看全文的结构,这一部分实际上是前面非审计服务发展简史的延续。本部分以“西方”国家注册内容提要2会计师行业(主要是“四大”)以及非审计服务的发展现状(20世纪90年代中期至21世纪初)为背景,以安然事件为素材,从理论分析和实务政策两个层面详尽透彻地论述了非审计服务对审计独立性的影响,得出最后的结论:非审计服务是一把“双刃剑”,它的“利锋”和“弊锋”在会计师事务所的不同发展时期会发挥不同的作用。第三部分,在对我国注册会计师非审计服务的发展现状进行深入分析的基础上,指明了当前我国发展非审计服务的策略,并对鼓励和引导当前我国会计师事务所积极发展非审计服务的可行性作了详细的论证,最后提出了相应的政策建议。如果以地域为线索(横向)来看全文的结构,文章的前两部分是针对“西方”的分析,本部分则回归到属于我们自己的“时空”。关键词:非审计服务会计师事务所审计独立性ABSTRACT1ABSTRACTCertifiedpublicaccountant(CPA)asaprofessioncanbedatedbacktothefoundingoftheScotlandEdinburghassociationofcertifiedpublicaccountantin1853.Uptonow,thegreatprofessionhasahistoryof150years.Inherlongwayofdevelopment,auditserviceshavealwaysbeenthecoreofCPAinafairlylongtime,andareregardedas“themostprincipalfactorandthemostpowerfulengineforpushingCPAprofessionahead(Linqiyun,2002)”.However,since1980s,withthecontinuousdevelopmentandimprovementofeconomy,somesubtlechangeshavetakenplaceinthebusinessstructureofCPAprofession—thesteadyincreaseofrevenuepercentageinnon-auditserviceswhichgraduallytaketheplaceofauditservicesas“leadingrole”inthebusinesssystemofCPA.Forexample,from1985to1995,thepercentageofauditrevenueintermsoftotalrevenueintheworld“bigsix”accountingfirmsdroppedfrom58%tonomorethan46%(Duxingqiang,2001).In1999,amongthe“bigfive”accountingfirms,thepercentageofauditrevenueinAndersen,PwC,Ernst&Yong,Deloitte&Touche,KPMGwere18%,35%,34%,31%,36%respectively.Non-auditserviceswinthefavorbecauseofitsrapiddevelopmentandbringgreatconcernofpublic.Intheend,therelatedauthoritieshavetostepinbecauseofthedisputesoftheprofessionanddoubtsofthepublic.In2000,withtheactivepromotionofchiefArthurLevitt,SEClaunchedaspectacularcampaigntowardstherevisionofindependencerules,whichleadedtoawarbetweennon-auditservicesandtheindependenceofCPA—thefuseof“independencewar”.Intheendof2001,Andersensuddenlycollapsedandwasexcludedfromtheprofessionofaccounting,so“bigfive”turnedto“bigfour”,whichmarkedtheclimaxofthe“war”.InJuly2002,USgovernmentproclaimedtheSarbanes—OxleyActrestrictingnon-auditservicesinformoflegislation,andothercountriesfollowedby.Inthebackground,acomprehensiveandsystemicresearchonnon-auditABSTRACT2servicesintheviewoftheoryisnecessaryandimportant.Theargumentincludesthreepartsfollowed:Partoneistheoutlineofnon-auditservices.Firstlyintroducesthedefinitionandcategoryofnon-auditservices,thenreviewsthedevelopmenthistoryofmodernnon-auditservices(fromtheendof19thcenturytothemid-termof1990s),finallytakingthehistoryforamirror,explainsthedrivingforceofnon-auditservicesfromthemacro-andmicro-perspective.Parttwoisthecoreofthethesis.Ifweviewthethesisinthetimesequence(vertically),thepartactuallyistheextensionofthebriefhistoryofthedevelopmentofnon-auditservices.WiththebackgroundofthestatusofCPAprofessionandnon-auditservicesinwesterncountriesandwiththematerialoftheincidentofEnronandAndersen,thepartexpoundstheeffectofnon-auditservicesonauditindependencefromtheoreticanalysislevelandpracticepolicieslevel,atlastcomestotheconclusion:non-auditservicesisa“double-edgedsword”,which“advantageedge”and“disadvantageedge”willexertdifferentinfluenceonaccountingfirmsindifferentphaseoftheirdevelopment.Partthree,onthebasisofanalysisofthestatusofnon-auditservicesofourCPA,pointsoutthedevelopmentstrategyofnon-auditservicesinChina;thenexplainsthefeasibilityofencouragingandleadingCPAinourcountrytodevelopnon-auditservices;finallyputsforwardthecorrespondingpoliciesandsuggestions.Ifweviewthestructureofthethesisbytheclueofspace(horizontally),thefirsttwopartsareanalysisinaccordancewith“westcountries”,thispartgoesbacktoourowncountryatpresent.KeyWords:Non-auditServices,AccountingFirms,Independence目录1目录前言······················································································1第一部分非审计服务概述··························································3一、定义及分类··········································································3二、发展简史·············································································4三、非审计服务发展的动因···························································6第二部分非审计服务对审计独立性的影响································11一、以往研究文献的回顾与比较···················································11二、审计独立性的诠释与剖析··········································