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Unit19DeformationMonitoringofEngineeringStructure（工程建筑【EngineeringStructure或者工程结构】的变形观测）Overview（概述【Overview纵览、总的看法】）Deformationreferstothechangesofadeformablebody(naturalorman-madeobjects)undergoesinitsshapes,dimensionandpositioninspaceandtimedomain.（变形指一个形变体【deformablebody】（自然或人工物体）在空间和时间范围【domain领域、范围】在形状、尺度和位置上经受【undergo经受、收到】的变化）【变形指一个形变体在空间和时间上经受的形状、尺度和位置的变化】Duetofactorssuchaschangesofgroundwaterlevel,tidalphenomena,tectonicphenomena,etc,engineeringstructures(suchasdams,bridges,highrisebuildings,etc.)aresubjecttodeformation.（由于【Dueto】诸如地下水位变化、潮汐现象、地壳构造【tectonic构造的、地壳构造的】现象等等的因素【factor】，工程建筑物（如大坝、桥梁、高层建筑等等）受到变形【deformation】影响【subject受……影响】）Deformationofengineeringstructuresisoftenmeasuredinordertoensurethatthestructureisexhibitingasafedeformationbehavior.（工程建筑物的变形经常观测以保证建筑呈现【exhibit展现】安全变形行为）【工程建筑物的变形经常观测以保证建筑物的变形在安全范围内】Costismorethanoffsetbysavingsandbyimprovementsinsafetybothduringandafterconstructions.（Asaresult,thedesign,executionandanalysisofsuchsurveysareamatterofconsiderablepracticalimportance.（作为结果，这种测量的设计、实施和分析是一件有着相当大【considerable相当大的】的实际【practical实际的】重要性【importance重要性】的事情）Expandedresourcedevelopment,thetrendtowardspotentially-deformation-sensitivityengineeringandconstructionprojects,andgrowinggeosciencetificinterestinthestudyofcrustalmovementhaveallcombinedtoincreaseawarenessoftheneedforacomprehensiveintegratedapproachtothedesignandanalysisofsuchdeformationsurveys.（随着资源扩张的发展，趋势朝向潜在变形敏感度工程和建筑项目，成长的地球科学感兴趣的地壳运动研究已经全部结合来增加全面整合方法的需求的知识变形测量的设计和分析）Thereforeitisimportanttomeasurethismovementsforthepurposeofsafetyassessmentandaswellaspreventinganydisasterinthefuture.（因此，为了安全评估【safetyassessment安全评估，assessment评估】和未来灾害【disaster】预防【prevent】，变形的测量非常重要）DeformationMonitoringofnaturalandman-madestructuresisanengineeringsurveyactivityduringwhichrepeatedobservationsaremadewithinaspecifiedtimeframeforthepurposeofdetectingandquantifyingmovementsofstructures.（自然和人工结构的变形观测属于工程测量行为，为了探查和测定【quantify确定数量】结构的变动，在一个指定【specified指定的】时间框架下重复观测）Suchmonitoringcouldbeofaroutinenature(e.g.adamathighandlowwatermarks)ormadenecessarybyanabnormalcondition(e.g.majorworksnearatallbuilding).（这样的监测可以是Underordinarycircumstances,theintervaloftimebetweenmonitoringandanalysismayextendoverseveraldaysormore.（在普通【ordinary平常的、普通的】情况【circumstances情况、环境】下，监测和分析之间的时间间隔可能延续几天甚至更长时间）Undercriticalcondition,thismayhavetobenearlyinstantaneousinordertoprovideawarning,ifnecessary.（在危急【critical危急的】情况下，如果需要【ifnecessary】，为了提供预警【warning警报】这【this指上句的时间间隔】可能必需是几乎【nearly几乎、密切地】即时的【instantaneous】）Thevolumeofdatamayconsistofonlyseveralitems,inthesimplestroutineinvestigation,orofhundredsorthousandsofdifferentdata,inverycomplexorcriticalconditions.（数据量【volume】可以是，简单的例行调查中，仅由几项组成【consistof由……组成】；或者在复杂或危急状况下，由成百上千的不同数据组成）Therateofmonitoringmaybeannually,monthly,weekly,daily,hourly,orevenmorefrequently.（监测频率【rate速率、比例】可以是一年一次【annually一年一次、每年，下同】、一月一次，一周一次、一天一次、每小时一次，甚至更频繁）Detectingandquantifyingmovementsrequiretheuseofverypreciseequipment.（检测和测定变形需要非常精确的仪器。）Suchmovementsareverysmallandtoaccuratelymeasurethemrequiresmeticulousfieldworkaswellasrigorousanalysisofobserveddata.（这种变形非常小，准确测量他们需要细心的【meticulous小心的】外业，还有观测数据的严格【rigorous严格的】分析）Deformationmonitoringtechniquescanbegenerallydividedintogeotechnical,structuralandgeodetic(survey)methods.（变形监测技术可以一般【generally】分为：土木技术的、结构的和测绘的方法）Thegeodeticmethods(highlyunderstoodbyengineeringsurveyors)thatcanbeusedareGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS),close-rangephotogrammetrywiththeuseofterrestrialcamera,precisetheodoliteandlevels,totalstation,laserscanners,andvibrationmonitoringsystems,averylongbaselineinterferometryandsatellitelaserranging.（测绘法（非常为工程测量人员所理解）可以使用的是GPS，使用地面摄影机【terrestrialcamera地面摄影机】的近景摄影测量，精密经纬仪和水准仪，全站仪，激光扫描仪，和振动【vibration振动】监测系统，甚长基线干涉测量【verylongbaselineinterferometry】和卫星激光测距）Anumberoftraditionalsurveyingtechniqueshavealsobeenmodifiedandappliedtoyieldthehighestpossibleaccuracies.（许多传统测量技术也经过改良【modify改良】并用于产生【yield产生】尽可能最高的精度）Geodeticmeasurementsinvolvetheobservablesofhorizontalangles,ordirection;spatialdistance;andheightdifference.（测绘方法测量【即，geodetic型的变形监测测量工作】包括水平角或方向的观测【observable观测n.，词性变换】；空间距离；高差【heightdifference】的观测【observable观测n.，词性变换】）Geotechnicalmeasurementsconsistofsimilargeometricquantities,butoveramuchsmallerextentthanforgeodeticmeasurements(distancestoafewmetersratherthanhundredsofmeters),aswellasmeasurementsofthephysicalormechanicalstateoftheobjectbeingmonitored.（土木技术方法的测量工作由类似的几何量组成，但是比测绘法测量（距离上从几米），Thesurveymethodscanbefurthersubdividedintothesurveynetworkmethodanddirectmeasurementmethod.（测量方法可以进一步细分为【subdivide细分】测量网和直接测量法。）Ingeodeticmethodtherearetwotypesofgeodeticnetworks,namelythereference(absolute)andrelativenetwork.（测地学方法中有两种类型的测量网，被称为参考（绝对）网和相对网）MonitoringSchemes（监测方案）Adeformationsurveyrequirestheassessmentofprojectexpectations.（变形观测需要项目预期的估计）Thiswouldincludeaccuracystatementsinordertodetectthemovementandexternaleffectsoftheobjectsuspectedofmovement.（包括Theobservationperiodandfrequencymustalsobeestablished.Theselectionofmostappropriatetechniqueorcombinationoftechniquesforanyparticularapplicationwil