大学英语写作课件4-Composing--essays

CriteriaofaGoodComposition•Itshouldhavesth.interestingand/orimportant&ifpossiblesth.newtosay;•This“sth.”isexpressedclearly,accuratelyandappropriately.Beforewriting,wemust:decideonthepurpose&audienceofourwriting;trytoadaptthestyleandlanguagetosuitourpurpose&audience.StepsinWritingaCompositionPlanningacompositionWritingthefirstdraft(初稿)RevisingthefirstdraftMakingthefinalcopy(定稿)PlanningaComposition1.Puttingdownalltherelevantfacts;Thewritershouldthinkofanmanyrelevantfactsasshecouldattheverybeginning.Listalltherelatedfactsandideas.2.Thinkingofapropertheme&decidingonthepurpose;Havinglistedallthefacts,weshouldthinkofatheme,thatis,acontrollingidea,anddecideonourpurpose.3.Re-examiningthelistofdetails&outliningWithourpurposeinmind,weshouldlookatthelistagainandcutoutirrelevant,unnecessary,orunimportantdetails.TypesofOutlineSentenceoutline（句子提纲）:madeupofsentences;thecontrollingideaorthesisissubdividedintosmallerparts;Roman&Arabicnumeralsorlettersofthealphabetareusedtonumber&orderideas.Topicoutline（主题提纲）:consistingofnouns&theirmodifiersortheirequivalents(gerund/infinitivephrases).Thesis(controllingidea)I.IntroductionII.MainIdeaA.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetaila.Fact1b.Fact2III.MainIdeaA.Sub-idea1.Supportingdetail2.SupportingdetailB.Sub-ideaC.Sub-ideaIV.ConclusionRulesforWritingOutlines•Avoidsinglesubdivisions;•Avoidmixingsentences&phrasesinanoutline;•Makesuresubheadsofthesamerank(e.g.:A,B&C)areofequalimportance,arerelatedtotheheadingsI,II&III,andarearrangedinlogicalorder;•Alwayswritethethesisinonecompletesentence.ThreeMainPartsofaCompositionTheBeginningTheMiddle/BodyTheEndTheBeginningrousesthereaders’interest&drawstheirattentiontothesubjectmatterofthepaperand/orprovidesnecessarybackgroundinformationWaysofBeginninganArticle1.Relevantbackgroundmaterial;2.RelevantEpisode(趣闻轶事法);3.Thetimeandplaceoftheeventtobedescribed;4.Aquotation;5.Aquestion;6.Astatement;7.Figuresorstatistics;8.Adefinition;9.Ananalogy(类比法).BeginningwithRelevantEpisodeTheWorldIsGettingSmallerandSmaller(CET-4,1993.12)(趣事引导)Mostofusmayhavesuchexperiences:Whenyougotosomeplacefarawayfromthecitywhereyouliveandthinkyouknownobodythere,youaresurprisedtofindthatyourunintooneofyouroldclassmatesonthestreet.Perhapsbothofyouwouldcryout,“Whatasmallworld!”(主题)Whyistheworldgettingsmallerandsmaller?Foronething,….Foranother,….趣闻轶事法常用表达式开头:•Mostofushavesuch(an)experience(s):whenyougotosomeplace…,youaresurprisedtofind…•Manypeoplehavesharedtheexperiencelikethis…承接句:•Sucha/ancase/event/story/phenomenonisquitepopular.•Thecase/event/story/phenomenonisnotrare/isolated/unique.•ItisjustoneofmanytypicalexamplesIhaveheard/encountered.•Wemayregard/see/view/thinkofthecaseasaresult/signof/aresponse/reactionto…•Ithasnowdrawnpublic/muchattentiontotheproblem/issueof…•Anumberoffactorscouldaccountforthis:引语法常用表达式Oneofthegreatmen/writers/scientistsoncesaid/remarked,“…”.Itistrue.Astheproverbsays/goes,“…”.Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharethisbelief./Nowitstillhasarealisticsignificance.Thereismuchtruthintheoldsaying,“…”.Inotherwords,nothingismoreimportant/valuablethan…Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.Constantdroppingofwaterwearsawayastone.用格言，谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅，又有更强说服力．数据统计法常用表达式From/Accordingtotherecentsurvey/study/statisticsbytheofficials/government/scientists/experts,itcanbepredicted/learned/seen/estimatedthat…Allstatistical/reliableevidencepointstothefact/goestoshowthat…A/Onerecent/new/generalstudy/survey/investigationconducted/takenbyexperts/officials/scientistsindicates/suggests/proves/shows/demonstratesthat…Asisshown/isevidenced/canbeseeninthegraph/data/findings/tableprovided/releasedbyaninstitute/thegovernment,…ExampleofbeginningbyaDefinition(定义引导)Patriotism[‘peɪtri:ə.tɪzəm]meanstheloveofone’scountry.Aperson’smotherlandisaplacewhereheisbornandbred,aplacewherehisancestorslivedfromgenerationtogeneration.(主题)Naturallyoneshoulddevelopastrongpatriotismandshowdeeploveforhispeople,traditionandeverypieceofland.定义常用表达式Ais…Ameans…Asignifies…Aisconsideredtobe…Aistakentobe…Arefersto…Aisdefinedas…ExampleofbeginningbyanAnalogyAtraditionalstorydescribesafoolishmanliftingarocktooheavyforhimandhavinghisownfeetsquashed.Hitlerwaslikethatfoolishman,buthewasdifferentinthat,beforehedestroyedhimself,hedestroyedmillionsofotherpeople.TheMiddlepresentsclearly&logicallythewriter’sfacts&ideas.usuallyconsistsofdetailsoftheevent.Thesedetailsincludeinformationabouttime,place,characters,circumstance.Moreimportantly,thesedetails,whenputtogether,willshowsomekindofdevelopment:developmentbytime,space,process,example,comparisonandcontrast,causeandeffect,classification.TheEndTheendwindsupthepaperoftenwithanemphatic&forcefulstatementtoinfluencethereaders’finalimpressionandshowsthemthewriter’spurpose.theendofanarrativeessayisalsotheplacetomoralize(论道德),ortodrawalessonfromtheexperience,ortomakecommentsontheincidentandthecharacters,ortoshowthesignificanceaboutwhathappened.WaysofEndinganArticle1.Repetitionofthesis(重复主题);2.Summaryofmainpoints(总结要点);3.Referencetoattentionmethod(呼应开头);4.Ou