备考英语应用能力考试第一部分语法和词汇第二部分翻译第三部分写作第一部分语法和词汇第一章重点语法项目介绍第二章多项选择题第三部分写作第一章写作介绍第二章写作练习从历年考试试题分析来看,PRETCO语法(Structure)考查重点主要是:动词时态和语态、非谓语动词(动词不定式、分词和动名词)、情态动词、状语从句、定语从句、倒装句、强调句、反意问句、虚拟语气、代词、形容词和副词等。考生要对上述语法项目从概念到应用上下功夫。现就各项目的考核重点分别简单叙述如下(其中有些例句选自历年考试试题):一、动词的时态和语态考核重点:过去完成时。注意:过去完成时常常和before,after,until,when等引导的时间状语从句连用,其谓语动词的动作一般表示过去。常用句型如下:bythetime(theend)of+表示过去时间的短语或句子;hardly(scarcely)+过去完成时+when+过去时;nosooner+过去完成时+than+过去时;现在完成时和现在完成进行时。常用时间状语有:thisday(week,month,year),sofar,forsometime,uptonow,uptothepresent,allthisyear(month,week)等;将来完成时。常与before,until,when,after等连词引导的时间状语从句连用,其谓语动词的动作一般表示将来。常用句型如下:bythetime(theend)0f+表示将来时间的短语或句子。例句:1.Hesaid:“I____________alotofnewwordsbytheendoflastyear.”(2002.12B级)A)hadalreadylearntB)wouldhavealreadylearntC)havealreadylearntD)alreadylearnt答案:。句中时间状语bytheendoflastyear表明谓语动词要用过去完成时态。2.Theprojecttoclearupthepollutedriver____________bytheendofnextyear.(2002.6B级)A)isbeingcompletedB)willhavebeencompletedC)hasbeencompletedD)willhavecompleted答案:。句中时间状语bytheendofnextyear表明谓语动词要用将来完成时。3.Thestudents____________theirpapersbytheendofthismonth.(2002.6A级)A)willhavefinishedB)havebeenfinishingC)havefinishedD)willbefinishing答案:。句中时间状语bytheendofthismonth表明谓语动词要用将来完成时。A)B)A)4.UptillnowI(spend)_______agreatdealofmoneyonbooks,magazinesandnewspapers.(2003.6B级)A)spentC)hadspentB)havespentD)amgoingtospend答案:。句中的时间状语uptillnow要求谓语动词用现在完成时。5.Untilthen________hisfamilyfromhimforseveralmonths.A)hadn’theardC)didn’thearB)hasn’theardD)hasn’tbeenhearing答案:。句中的状语untilthen和forseveralmonths可以判断谓语动词用过去完成时。6.Hardly______we________therailwaystationwhenitbegantorainheavily.A)had…gottoB)have…gottoC)did…gettoD)do…getto答案:。“hardly+过去完成时+when+过去时”句型。B)A)A)二、动词不定式考核重点:不定式的完成式、进行式和被动式。例句:1.Hewasverysorry____________herattheairport.(2002.6A级)A)tohavenotmetB)nottohavemetC)nottomeetD)tonotmeet答案:。动词不定式的完成式否定。2.1’dratherreadthanwatchtelevision;theprogramsseem____________allthetime.A)togetworseB)gettingworseC)tohavegotworseD)tobegettingworse答案:。不定式的进行式,表示“一直是”的意思。3.Mr.Smithpreferred____________heavierworktodo.A)tobegivenB)togiveC)tohavegivenD)havinggiven答案:。不定式的被动式。B)D)A)4.ADreamoftheRedChamberissaid____________intomorethantenlanguagesinthelastdecade.A)tohavetranslatedB)totranslateC)tohavebeentranslatedD)tobetranslated答案:。不定式的被动完成式。C)三、动词的现在分词和过去分词考核重点:分词或分词短语作状语。注意:当分词或分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语一般与句子主语保持一致。分词或分词短语作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、让步和伴随状态等;当分词或分词短语作状语时,如果其逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,便要使用分词的独立结构,即带逻辑主语的分词短语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等;分词作定语、宾语补语及表语。例句:1.TheMayDayHoliday____________over,wemustnowgetdowntowork.(2001.12A级)A)beB)beingC)tohavebeenD)tobe答案:。带逻辑主语的现在分词短语作状语,是独立主格结构。2.Thousandsofproducts____________fromcrudeoilarenowindailyuse.(2003.6A级)A)tomakeB)bemadeC)makingD)made答案:。分词作后置定语修饰名词。B)D)3.Ihavefoundsomearticles____________theharmfuleffectsofdrinking.(2003.12A级)A)beingconcernedB)concernedC)toconcernD)concerning答案:。concerning应为宾语somearticles的补足语。这里宾语和宾语补足语的关系是主动的,故用现在分词。4.Istayedupallnight____________tofindanewsolutiontotheproblem.(2004.6A级)A)tryingB)havetriedC)tryD)tried答案:。现在分词短语作目的状语。5.____________suchagoodchance,heplannedtolearnmore.A)TobegiveB)HavingbeengivenC)HavinggivenD)Giving答案:。被动完成式现在分词作状语表示条件。D)A)B)四、动名词考核重点:只跟动名词作宾语的动词有:admit,enjoy,include,involvepractise,excuse,postponemind,dislike,mention,imaginesuggest,delay,miss,understand,hate,like,favor,escapedeny,consider,appreciate,avoid,risk等。例句:1.Idon’tmind____________allthatwayinsuchbadweather.(2001.6A级)A)goB)goneC)goingD)togo答案:。动词mind后面要求v一ing的形式(动名词)作宾语。2.Janealwaysenjoys____________topopularmusicathomeonFridayevenings.(2003.6A级)A)listeningB)beinglisteningC)tobelisteningD)tolisten答案:。enjoy喜欢,后接动名词作宾语。C)A)3.Theyareconsidering____________beforethepricegoup.A)ofbuyingthehouseB)withbuyingthehouseC)buyingthehouseD)tobuythehouse答案:。consider后接动名词作宾语。4.It’snouse____________menottoworry.A)youtellB)yourtellingC)foryoutohavetoldD)havingtold答案:。It’snouse+v.ing句型要求。这里是带逻辑主语的动名词结构。C)B)五、情态动词考核重点:should(oughtto)+have+过去分词,表示“对已经发生的事情的责备、惊奇或推测”以及表示“应该做而没有做的事情”;might(could)+have+过去分词,表示“过去可能发生而没有发生的事情”;must+have+过去分词,表示“对过去情况的推测”,只用于肯定句;否定句和疑问句用can’t和can;needn’t+have+过去分词,表示“做了不必做的事”。例句:1.ThisATMhasbeenoutofserviceforafewdays.Itshould________lastweek.(2004.6级)A)fixB)befixedC)havefixedD)havebeenfixed答案:。should+have+过去分词,表示“应该做而没有做的事情”。2.Withallthisworkonhand,he________tothecinemalastnight.A)mustn’tgoB)wouldn’tgoC)oughtn’tgoD)shouldn’thavegone答案:。表示“对已经发生的事情的责备”。3.Theclassroomisinaterriblemess;it________cleaned.A)can’thavebeenB)wouldn’thavebeenC)shouldn’thavebeenD)mustn’thavebeen答案。表示“对过去情况的推测”。D)D)A)六、定语从句考核重点:由that,as,when,where,which,whose引导的定语从句;名词、代词、数词、形容词的比较级和最高级+of+which(whom)引导的定语从句;介词+which(whose,whom)引导的定语从句。例句:1.Thatistheveryman________housewasburneddownlastweek.(2001.6A级)A)hisB)whoseC)whichD)ofwhom答案:。关系词whose引导定语从句,whose在从句中充当定语。2.________isoftenthecase,onethirdoftheworkershaveover-fulfilledtheproductionplan.(2001.12A级)A)WhatB)ThisC)ThatD)As答案:。as引导非限定性定语从句,指代后面整个句子。3.Thisisthemicroscope________whichwehavehadsomuchtrouble.(2003.6A级)A)atB)fromC)ofD)with答案:。which引导的定语从句中,可以把从句末尾的介词