主讲教师:周飞跃讲师微观经济分析IntermediateMicroeconomics产品市场:企业出售家庭购买企业生产出售物品与劳务雇佣并使用生产要素家庭购买并消费物品与劳务拥有并出售生产要素生产要素市场:家庭出售企业购买生产什么怎样生产为谁生产收益支出物品与劳务出售物品与劳务购买生产投入劳动、土地和资本生产投入工资、租金与利润收入物品与劳务的流向货币的流向微观经济学的两个主要原则最大化:效用最大化、利润最大化均衡:经济学的局限性:Ch3:消费者理论北京信息科技大学工商分院微观经济分析IntermediateMicro-economicsbyZhouFeiYue•在任何有关消费者选择的模型里,存在四大构造区域–消费集X:代表一切备择物或整个消费计划的集合。假设1.1消费集X的性质(消费集的最低条件)是:Xx,),,,(x1ninRxxxXXXRXn0.4.3.2.1是凸的是闭的第一节Preference–可行集B:代表一切的可选择的消费计划——是现实中在给定的环境里消费者可获得的消费备选物。则–偏好关系:对消费者感知选择环境的能力,以及消费者对不同选择对象的好恶信息等限制。–行为假设:消费者用于作出最终选择并确认选择中的最终目标的指导原理——消费者寻求认定与选择一个可以获得的备择物,后者依照其个人的喜好确定,属于最受偏爱的选择。XBRationalityinEconomics•BehavioralPostulate:Adecisionmakeralwayschoosesitsmostpreferredalternativefromitssetofavailablealternatives.•SotomodelchoicewemustdefinePreferencesoveralternativesAvailablealternativesNotations•消费束为一组商品:x={x1,…,xn}•Vectorofprices:p={p1,…,pn},whereeachpriceisnon-negative(pi0,foralli)•yisthelumpsummoneyincomePropertiesoftheConsumptionSet,X消费集Consumptionset,X,representthesetofallalternatives,orcompleteconsumptionplans,thattheconsumercanconceive—whethersomeofthemwillbeachievableinpracticeornot.Sometimes,consumptionsetisalsocalledchoiceset.消费束Letx=(x1,x2,…xn)beavectorcontainingdifferentquantitiesofeachofthencommodities,xiscalledaconsumptionbundleorconsumptionplan.PropertiesoftheConsumptionSet,XAssumption1.1:消费集的最低条件1.XRn+2.Xisclosed3.Xisconvex.4.0X.PropertiesoftheConsumptionSet,X可行集Allthoseconsumptionplansthatarebothconceivableandmoreimportant,realisticallyobtainablegiventheconsumercircumstances.Feasiblesetisthatsubsetoftheconsumptionsetthatremainsafterwehaveaccountedforanyconstraintsontheconsumer’saccesstocommoditiesduetothepractical,institutional,oreconomicrealitiesoftheworld.PropertiesoftheConsumptionSet,X偏好关系Apreferencerelationtypicallyspecifiesthelimits,ifany,ontheconsumer’sabilitytoperceiveinsituationsinvolvingchoice,theformofconsistenceorinconsistencyintheconsumer’schoice,andtheinformationabouttheconsumer’stasteforthedifferentobjectsofchoice.行为假设Theconsumerseekstoidentifyandselectanavailablealternativethatismostpreferredinthelightofhispersonaltaste.PreferenceRelations1.Comparingtwodifferentconsumptionbundles,xandy:–strictpreference:xismorepreferredthanisy.–weakpreference:xisasatleastaspreferredasisy.–indifference:xisexactlyaspreferredasisy.2.严格偏好关系,弱偏好关系,无差异关系areallpreferencerelations.3.Particularly,theyareordinalrelations;i.e.theystateonlytheorderinwhichbundlesarepreferred.PreferenceRelations•denotesstrictpreferencesoxymeansthatbundlexisstrictlypreferredtobundley.•~denotesindifference;x~ymeansxandyareequallypreferred.•denotesweakpreference;xymeansxispreferredatleastasmuchasisy.~~StandardProperties•Axiom1:完备性.Forallx1andx2inX,eitherx1x2orx2x1bundlescanalwaysbecompared,–eitherxispreferredtoy–oryispreferredtox–orboth.•Reflexivity:Anybundlexisalwaysatleastasgoodasitself.~~StandardProperties•Axiom2:传递性Foranythreeelements,x1,x2andx3inX,ifx1x2andx2x3,thenx1x3.(consistent,otherwisethereisnobestelement).•Definition:PreferenceRelation:ThebinaryrelationontheconsumptionsetXiscalledpreferencerelationifitsatisfiesAxioms1and2.StrictPreferenceRelation:x1x2iffx1x2andx2x1IndifferenceRelation:x1~x2iffx1x2andx2x1~~~~~~~~StandardProperties•Definition:letx0beanypointintheconsumptionset,relativetoanysuchpoint,wecandefinethefollowingsubsetsofX:1.(x0){x|xX,xx0},calledthe“atleastasgoodas”set.2.(x0){x|xX,xx0},calledthe“nobetterthan”set.3.(x0){x|xX,xx0},calledthe“worsethan”set.4.(x0){x|xX,xx0},calledthe“preferredto”set.5.~(x0){x|xX,x~x0},calledthe“indifference”set.~~~~StandardProperties•Axiom3:连续性Forallxintheconsumptionset,the“atleastasgoodas”and“nobetterthan”areclosedsets.(namely,the“worsethan”setand“preferredto”setareopensets)•Axiom4´:局部非饱和性Forallx0Rn+andforall0,thereexistssomexB(x0)nRn+,suchthatxx0.•Axiom4´:严格单调性Forallx0,x1Rn+,ifx0x1thenx0x1,whileifx0x1,thenx0x1.~StandardProperties•Axiom5´:凸性Ifx1x0,thentx1+(1-t)x0x0,forallt[0,1](ifxandyareasleastasgoodasz,thenforall0t1,tx+(1-t)yisasleastasgoodasz.)•Axiom5:严格凸性Ifx1x0,andx1x0thentx1+(1-t)x0x0,forallt(0,1)(ifxyandxandyareasleastasgoodasz,thenforall0t1,tx+(1-t)yisstrictlypreferredtoz.)~~~Well-BehavedPreferences•Apreferencerelationis“well-behaved”ifitis–rational:completeandtransitive–strictlymonotonic–continuous–strictlyconvex专题1:基数效用理论Topic1:CardinalUtility基数效用理论(边际效用理论)1、基数效用分析法:总效用和边际效用2、边际效用递减法则(戈森第一法则):效用函数凹向原点,即两阶微分小于03、边际效用均等法则,又名戈森第二法则。基数效用理论(边际效用理论)•目标函数:MaxU=U(x,y)•约束条件:pxx+pyy=m•拉格朗日乘数法:L=U+λ(m-pxx-pyy)基数效用理论(边际效用理论)边际效用理论三大奠基者:门格尔、瓦尔拉、杰文斯边际效用学派又分为三个流派:奥地利学派〔维也纳学派〕:门格尔、维色、庞巴维克数理学派〔罗桑学派〕:杰文斯、瓦尔拉、帕累托美国学派:克拉克基数效用理论(边际效用理论)实际上边际效用理论的奠基者和直接先驱者是德国的戈森,其在1854年就提出了两个定律,即戈森一、二定律,但未被重视。19世纪末70年代,杰文斯、门格尔和瓦尔拉斯几乎同时提出边际效用理论,他们的理论和戈森并无直接渊源。基数效用理论(边际效用理论)马歇尔(1842-1924)•英国,酷爱数学。中学毕业后,就读于牛津大学。1861年,放弃了牛津大学的奖学金,进入剑桥大学转学数学。1865年毕业留校,转修物理,兼教数学,并开始涉及经济、政治和社会问题。•《经济学原理》的发表,使马歇尔声明显赫,其门徒亦倍受青睐。因马歇尔及其门徒先后在剑桥大学任教,被称为新古典学派,又名“剑桥学派”,。门徒中较著名的有庀古、罗宾逊和凯恩斯。《经济学原理》与斯密的《国富论》和李嘉图的《政治经济学及赋税原理》齐名。专题2:序数效用理论Topic2:OrdinalUtility序数效用理论•序