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IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPapersZhangLiwei(ChinaMachinePRESS,Beijin100081)Abstract:Civilengineeringinthelonghistoryofmankind“scienceandthecnology”assystemofcivilengineeringactivityasubstantialproductionprocess.Civilengineeringandconstructionofengineeringscienceandtechnologyitrefertotheengineeringconstructioncollectivelyobjects,namely,ground,builtinundergroundengineeringfacilitiesalsoreferstowaterusedmaterials,equipmentandinspinspectionindesign,construction,maintenance,repair,etc.Keywords:EquipmentandinspectionindesignArchitecturalconceptionConstructionEnvironmentprotectionCivilEngineeringforthedevelopmentofakeyrole,firstasamaterialfoundationforthecivilengineeringconstructionmaterials,followedbythesubsequentdevelopmentofthedesigntheoryandconstructiontechnology.Everytimeanewqualityofbuildingmaterials,civilengineeringwillbealeapstyledevelopment.Peoplecanonlyrelyontheearlyearth,woodandothernaturalmaterialsintheconstructionactivities,andlaterappearedinbrickandtilethatartificialmaterials,sothatthefirsthumantobreaktheshacklesofnaturalbuildingmaterials.ChinaintheeleventhcenturyBCintheearlyWesternZhouDynastycreatedthetile.ThefirstbrickinthefifthcenturyBCtothethirdcenturyBC,whenthetomboftheWarringStatesPeriod.Brickandtilebetterthanthemechanicalpropertiesofsoil,materials,andeasytomanufacture.Thebrickandtilesothatpeoplebegantoappearwidely,toalargenumberofhousingconstructionandurbanfloodcontrolproject,andsoon.Thiscivilengineeringtechnologyhasbeenrapiddevelopment.Upto18tothe19thcentury,aslongastwothousandyears,brickandtilehasbeenamajorcivilengineeringconstructionmaterials,humancivilizationhasmadeagreatcontributiontotheevenwasalsowidelyusedinthepresent.Theapplicationofalargenumberofsteelproductsisthesecondleapincivilengineering.Seventeen1970stheuseofpigiron,theearlynineteenthcentury,theuseofwroughtironbridgesandtheconstructionofhousing,whichisapreludetotheemergenceofsteel.Fromthebeginningofthemidnineteenthcentury,metallurgicalindustry,smeltingandrollingouthightensileandcompressivestrength,ductility,uniformityofthequalityofconstructionsteelandthenproducehighstrengthsteelwire,steelcables.Asaresultoftheneedtoadapttothedevelopmentofthesteelstructurehavebeenflourishing.Inadditiontotheapplicationoftheoriginalbeam,archstructure,thenewtruss,aframework,thestructureofnetwork,cablestructurestopromotethegradualemergenceofthestructureofYanintheformofflowers.Fromthebrickbuildinglongspanstructures,stonestructures,afewmetersofwood,steelstructuretothedevelopmentoftensofmeters,afewhundredmeters,untilmodernkmabove.Sointheriver,crossthebridgefromshelves,onthegroundsincetheconstructionofskyscrapersandhigh-risetower,eveninthelayingofundergroundrailway,tocreateanunprecedentedmiracle.Inordertomeettheneedsofthedevelopmentofsteelworks,onthebasisofNewton'smechanics,materialmechanics,structuralmechanics,structuralengineeringdesigntheorycameintobeing,andsoon.Constructionmachinery,constructiontechnologyandconstructionorganizationdesigntheoryalsodevelopment,civilengineeringfromtheexperienceofrisingtobecomescience,engineeringpracticeandtheoreticalbasisforbothisadifferentplace,whichledtomorerapiddevelopmentofcivilengineering.Duringthenineteenthcentury,20,madeofPortlandcement,concretehascomeout.Concretecanaggregatematerials,easytoconcretestructuresforming,butthetensilestrengthofconcreteisverysmall,limiteduse.Bythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,thesurgeinsteelproduction,withtheemergenceofthisnewtypeofreinforcedconcretecompositeconstructionmaterials,whichbearthetensionsteel,concretebearthepressureandplaytheirownadvantages.Sincethebeginningofthe20thcentury,reinforcedconcreteiswidelyusedinvariousfieldsofcivilengineering.Fromthebeginningofthe1930s,therehavebeenprestressedconcrete.Prestressedconcretestructureofthecrackresistance,rigidityandcarryingcapacity,muchhigherthanthereinforcedconcretestructure,whichusesanevenwiderarea.CivilEngineeringintothereinforcedconcreteandprestressedconcretedominanthistoricalperiod.Concretebuildingstobringaboutthee-mergenceofneweconomic,aestheticstructureintheformofengineering,civilengineeringsothatanewconstructiontechnologyandengineeringdesignofthestructureofthetheory.Thisisanotherleapinthedevelopmentofcivilengineering.ThecharacteristicsofCivilEngineering.Aprojecttobuildthefacilitiesingeneraltogothroughtheinvestigation,designandconstructioninthreestages,requiretheuseofgeologicalprospectingprojects,hydrogeologicalsurvey,engineeringsurvey,soilmechanics,mechanicalengineering,engineeringdesign,buildingmaterials,constructionequipment,engineeringmachinery,buildingtheeconomy,Andotherdisciplinesandconstructiontechnology,constructionandotherfieldsofknowledge,aswellascomputerandmechanicaltestingtechniques.Civilengineeringisthereforeabroadrangeofintegrateddisciplines.Withtheprogressinscienceandtectechnologydevelopmentandengineeringpractice,thecivilengineeringdisciplineshavealsobeendevelopedintoabroadconnotation,thenumberofcategories,thestructureofcomplexintegratedsystem.CivilEngineeringisaccompaniedbythedevelopmentofhumansocietydev-eloped.