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grammartranslationmethod1.2.directmethod1.2.3.1.2.audio-lingualmethod(thesituationalapproach)cognitiveapproach(communicativeapproach)(totalphysicalresponse)task-basedlanguageteachinglearningbydoingaccuracylong-termdevelopmentcomprehensivenesspertinenceinterestcommunicationauthenticity1perceptionpractice2productionpractice1usegestures2usethevoice3usetheblackboard1231labeling2spotthedifference3describeanddraw4memorygame5usewordseries6wordbingo7wordassociation8findsynonymsandantonyms9wordcollection10categoriesthedeductivemethodtheinductivemethodtheguideddiscoverymethodmechanicalpractice(substitutiondrillstransformationdrills)meaningfulpracticecommunicatiivepractice1234bottom-upmodeltop-downmodelinteractivemodelpre-listeningschemata12345while-listening1.2.3.4.5.extensivelistening6.carefullisteningfillingblanks/tureorfalse/questions/formspost-listening1.discriminationidentifythedifferentphonemesmarkstress,rhythm,meaninggroups,etc.imitaterepeat2.recognizingcommunicatingsignalslistenandcircletheinformationlistenandchoosetheappropriateinformationlistenandmatchtheexplanationswiththeinformationlistenanddiscuss3.listeningforgistselecttheappropriatetopiccreateasynopsisforthelisteningmaterialmatchthetopic4.listeningforspecificinformationfillinthediagramchoosetrueorfalseanswerspecificquestionsputsentenceinorderaccordingtothelisteningmaterialaskquestionsaboutthemainpointsputpicturesinorderafterlisteningtostoriesmatchingtaskdictationdrawpicturesactout5.word-guessingaskquestionsaboutwordsandphrasesinthelisteningmaterialcheckstudentscomprehensionofwordmeaningbysubstitutionaskquestionsoncontextandhelpstudentsunderstandthetargetvocabularyanalysethestructureofvocabularyanalysetheflowofthelisteningmaterial6.inferringandpredictingjudgetheintentionofthespeakerjudgetherelationshipofthespeakersofaconversationjudgetheattitudeofthespeakerpredictwhatthematerialisgoingtosaynext7.note-takingspotdictation,compounddictationfillinthediagramfillinthetableinitiatingaconversationmaintainingchangingendingaconversationgettingattentionofferingunderstandinginterruptingavoidingdecodingparaphrasingclearingmisunderstandingaskingforhelp3PpresentationpracticeproductionTBLTtask-basedlanguageteachingpre-taskwhile-taskpost-taskcontrolledormechanicalactivitiessemi-controlledorsemi-mechanicalactivitiesABopenorcreativeactivitiestop-downmodelbottom-upmodelinteractivemodelpre-readingwhile-readingpost-readingskimmingscanningword-guessingpredictinginferringrecognizingtheinferenceproduct-orientedapproachprocess-orientedapproachcontent-orientedapproachcreatingamotivationtowritebrainstormingmappingfreewritingoutliningdraftingeditingself-editingandpeer-editingrevisingproofreadingconferencingcontrolledwritingcopyingfill-incompletiontransformationguidedwritingexpressivewriting123-51.2.3.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.1explicitcorrection2implicitcorrection1)repetitiononcemore./pardon?/repeatplease.2)recast3)pinpointing123451.2.3.4.instructorcontrollerassessororganizerprompterparticipantresource-providerresearcherfacilitator1formativeassessment12a.b.c.d.e.f./g.h.2summativeassessmenta.b.1achievementtest2proficiencytestTOEFLCET3aptitudetestSATGRE4diagnostictest5exittest1subjectivetest2objectivetest1directtest2indirecttest1discrete-pointtesting2integrativetesting1norm-referencedtestNRT2criterion-referencedtestCRTreliabilitytestreliabilityscorerreliabilityvalidityfacevalidityconstructtestcontentvalidityconcurrentvaliditypredictivevaliditydiscriminationdifficultyteachingjournal12345narrativeresearch1.2.3.actionresearch12