孔子及其思想(中英文)PPt

ConfuciusandConfucianism孔子及其思想孔子简介thebriefofConfucius孔子（公元前551年—公元前479年）是中国最著名的人物。作为儒家创始人，他的思想一直在中国有着深远的影响。但孔子不是他的原名，而是一种尊称，是孔夫子的拉丁文。孔子姓孔名丘，字仲尼，出生在鲁国陬邑（今山东曲阜东南）。Confucius(551B.C—479B.C.)isoneofthemostfamousChinesepeople.AsthefounderofConfucianism,histhoughthasexertedadeepinfluenceonChinaanditspeople.ButConfuciuswasnothisrealname.Itwasacourtesytitle,aLatinizedformof“KongFuzi”,meaning“MasterKong”.HisfamilynamewasKongandhisgivenname,Qiu.AndhestyledhimselfZhongni.HewasbornatZouyi,theStateofLu.LegendsaysthatConfuciushasthreethousanddisciples,ofwhich72aresages.AfterConfuciusdied,hisdisciplesandthedisciples'disciplesrecordedthesayingandthoughtofConfuciusandhisdisciples,sortingintotheConfucianclassicnamed《theAnalectsofConfucius》.相传他有弟子三千，其中七十二贤人。孔子去世后，其弟子及其再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来，整理编成儒家经典《论语》。TheConfucianthoughthasfar-reachinginfluenceonChinaandtheworld,Confuciusislistedastheworld'stoptenculturalcelebrities.其儒家思想对中国和世界都有深远的影响，孔子被列为“世界十大文化名人”之首。Asoneofthegreatestthinker,educator,philosopherandthefounderoftheConfucianschoolandConfucianisminthehistoryofChina,Confucius’legacyliesinthefollowingthreeaspects:作为中国历史上伟大的思想家、教育家、哲学家和儒家及儒学的创始人，孔子为后人留下了宝贵的遗产，主要体现在三个方面：Firstly,hecompiledandpreservedtheliteraryworks,TheSixClassics,includingShi,Shu,Li,Yue,YiandChunQiu,whichareregardedastheclassicsofConfucianism.TheaccomplishmentmakesalargeimpactonthesuccessionanddevelopmentofthetraditionalChineseculture.首先，他整理了《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》、《易》、《春秋》六部文献，被后代奉为儒家经典，合称“六经”，为传统文化的继承和发展做出了巨大的贡献。Secondly,ConfuciusbuiltupasystemofphilosophicalthoughtswithRenasitsbasicvirtue.ThisvirtueisthecentralthemeofhisAnalects.HeconsideredRenasthefirstandhighestcriterionofman’sbehaviorandthecoreofmorality.第二，建立了一套以“仁”为核心的思想体系，这集中体现在《论语》一书中。他认为“仁”是人的最高道德境界，是道德的核心内容，包括孝、弟（悌）、恕、礼、恭、信、知、勇等内容。Renmeantto“loveothermen”.ForthepersonwhohaveRen,iftreatotherswithgenerous,otherswillrewardyouRen;iftforbearothers,otherswillforbearyou.“仁”就是“爱人”。“夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”（此句意指：仁爱之人，自己决定对人建立仁爱之心，别人才会对你仁爱，自己决定对人宽容，别人才会对你宽容。Thirdly,Confuciusestablishedprivateschools,creatingascientificeducationalsystem.Confuciusalsoheldtheideathateveryoneshouldbeeducatedregardlessofhissocialstatus.第三，办私学，创立了科学的教育思想体系。孔子提出“有教无类”。Ineducationalpractice,hecreatedflexibleteachingmethods,promotingthecombinationoflearningandthinking,learningandreviewingaswellasteachingandlearning.Heemphasizedonindividualizedandheuristicteaching.Theseideasarestillofgreatsignificanceinpracticetoday.在教育实践中创立了灵活多样的教学方法，提倡“学”与“思”结合，学习与复习结合以及教与学结合，讲求因材施教和启发式教学等。这些思想，直到今天还有其现实意义。己所不欲，勿施于人。Whatyoudonotwantdonetoyourself,donotdotoothers.言必信，行必果。Keepwhatyousayandcarryoutwhatyoudo.四海之内皆兄弟也；AllMenAreBrothers.有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎；Isitnotdelightfultohavefriendscomingfromdistantquarters?礼之用，和为贵。Themostvaluableuseoftheritesistoachieveharmony.Confucius’ssayings：知者不惑，仁者不忧，勇者不惧。Awisemanwillnotconfused,akindheartedmanwon'tworried,abravemanisnotafraid.子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”Confuciussaid:WhenIwalkalongwithtwoothers,theymayservemeasmyteachers.Iwillselecttheirgoodqualitiesandfollowthem,theirbadqualitiesandavoidthem。子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说（yuè）乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐（lè）乎？人不知而不愠（yùn），不亦君子乎？”Confuciussaid:lsitnotdelightfultolearnandconstantlyreview?Isitnotveryhappytohavelike-mindedfriendscomefromafar?Othersdonotunderstand(know)me,butIwillnotgrudge(angry),amInotagentleman?子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”Confuciussaid:Learningwithoutthoughtislaborlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous.子曰：“由！诲汝知之乎！知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。”Confuciussaidtoadisciple,ShallIteachyouwhatisunderstanding(know)?Toknowwhatitisthatyouknow,andnottoknowwhatitisthatyoudonotknow--thatisunderstanding.”子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。”Confuciussaid'Ifamanwillconstantlygooverwhathehasacquiredandkeepcontinuallyaddingtoitnewacquirements,hemaybecomeateacherofmen.