书法文化(中英文)

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书法·文化·翻译吴卉2010.11.21HistoryofCalligraphyPre-QinCalligraphy:Obscure,MysteriousandUniqueShangdynastyoracle-boneinscriptions(Anyang,Henan.HiddenTurtleintheIronCloud)PictographPre-QinCalligraphy:Obscure,MysteriousandUniqueBronzeinscriptionsphonogramsPre-QinCalligraphy:Obscure,MysteriousandUniqueSpringandAutumnperiod:StonedruminscriptionKangYouwei:“theoriginofcalligraphicrules”书法第一法则SetupthecriterionforlargescriptwhichistheprecursorofsmallsealscriptCalligraphyoftheQinandHanDynasties:StandardandElegantLiSi:abolisheddifferentformsandmadesmallsealscriptofficialscriptforthewholenation.Roundstroke;samethickness;tenacityCalligraphyoftheQinandHanDynasties:StandardandElegantCalligraphyonbambooorwoodslipsandsilk:alsoknownasancientclericalscript,whichisatransitionalformbetweenancientscriptandmodernscript.CalligraphyoftheQinandHanDynasties:StandardandElegantQinDynasty:ChengMiao“clericalscript”HanDynastyTransformationofclericalscriptCalligraphyoftheQinandHanDynasties:StandardandElegantCaiYong:“flyingwhite”styleCalligraphyintheWei,JinandSouthern&NorthernDynastiesWeikingdomperiod:ZhongYao,originatorofregularscript楷书之祖EasternJin,Newnessandgrace(新妍)replacedsimplicityandclumsiness.WangXizhi:regularscriptandrunningscript(PrefacetotheLiteraryGatheringattheOrchidPavilion)WangXianzhi:cursivescriptCalligraphyintheWei,JinandSouthern&NorthernDynastiesSteleinscriptionoftheNorthernDynastiesandrubbingcalligraphyoftheSouthernDynasties(北碑南帖)WeisteleinscriptionCalligraphyoftheSuiandTangDynasties:fresh,profoundandmagnificentSuiDynasty:transitionalperiodZhiYong:regularandcursivescriptThousand-characterEssayCalligraphyoftheSuiandTangDynasties:fresh,profoundandmagnificent“FourmastersoftheEarlyTangDynasty”欧阳询,虞世南,褚遂良,薛稷CalligraphyoftheSuiandTangDynasties“ThreeOutstandingCalligraphistforCursiveScript”唐草三杰贺知章张旭(CrazyZhang)怀素(lightink)CalligraphyoftheSuiandTangDynastiesMid-Tang:EmperorLiLongji唐玄宗preferredfullandroundwritingstyle颜真卿柳公权“themusclesofYan’scalligraphyandbonesofliu’s”CalligraphyoftheSongandYuanDynasties:slowbutsteadyprogressFeudalsocietynotbooming;Confucianism,TaoismandBuddihismCalligraphicstyle:inpursuitofexpressiveness(projectone’srealinterestandintentionintheartofcalligraphy,shakeoffthefettersleftbytheTangdynasty)CalligraphyoftheSongandYuanDynastiesFourGreatSongCalligraphers宋四家苏轼黄庭坚米芾(CrazyMi,strongcleanliness,fondofdressfromtheTang,stoneasbrother)蔡襄CalligraphyoftheSongandYuanDynastiesSouthernSongcontinuedthestyleoftheNorthernSongcalligraphyFourGreatSouthernSongCalligraphers南宋四家:陆游,范成大,朱熹(deniestheexpressiveness-pursuingcalligraphers),张孝祥CalligraphyoftheSongandYuanDynastiesYuandynasty:KublaiKahnadvocatedforclassiccalligraphy,“returningtotheancients”复古思想ZhaoMengfu,oneof“FourGrandMastersofRegularScript”DifferentopinionsCalligraphyoftheMingandQingDynastiesMing:“TaigeStyle”Qing:Wenziyu(imprisonmentduetowriting)CalligraphyweakerandhumblerPrevailingofepigraphy,prioritytosteleinscriptionsCalligraphyoftheMingandQingDynastiesMingdynasty:WumenSchool吴门书派Seeminglyanefforttobringbackthetraditionofvaluingtheregularstyleandwritingregularstylebutinessence,itisacorrectionofdefectsseenintheworksintheearlyMingdynasty.祝允明,文征明HuatingCalligraphers华庭书派董其昌CalligraphyoftheMingandQingDynastiesLateMing:emancipationofindividuality徐渭:cursivestyle“FourMastersofLateMingDynasty”晚明四大家:张瑞图,董其昌,邢侗,米万钟EarlyQing:continuedthetrendtowardinnovation傅山,张板桥CalligraphyoftheMingandQingDynastiesGoldenEraforCalligraphyintheQingDynasty书道中兴包世臣“thenumberonoftheQingdynasty”天朝第一seeminglyclumsystrokessteleinscriptions中国书法与文化书法与周易哲学“《易》:以道阴阳。”乾卦:纯阳坤卦:纯阴一阴一阳之谓道阴阳相济才能臻于天地宇宙的大和谐,所以,要保持食物的多样性,让各种差异能够在整体的和谐中并行不悖,达到“和而不同”。书法与周易哲学用笔的“阴阳相应”,以笔之动为阳,以墨之静为阴;以笔取气为阳,以墨生彩为阴。(比如大和小,方和圆,疏和密。。。)褚遂良《阴符经》柔中带刚,既有韧劲和骨力书法与周易哲学《周易》的卦爻符号及其有限,可谓意象“至简”,但是所谓易道广大,表意甚丰。《周易》中的言象互动系统,对于中国美学和艺术的最大意义,就在于易简的思想,用晦的思想。它认为,言不尽意,必须立象以尽意。“象”,直接启迪着中国艺术家去扩大意象符号的意义空间,而这正是中国艺术意象理论的核心。书法与周易哲学书法是抽象,概括的。以简易蕴含丰美它形式最为简单,最单纯,最抽象,只不过是一些单纯的点画往来,线条连绵,色彩也不过是最简单,最素朴的黑白二色,但是,在其中却蕴含着最概括,最丰富的生命意趣。书法与气化哲学中国气化哲学认为,气是生命的本原,是“体之充也”。书法里要具有气,唯有这样,书法才是活生生的,才充满了生命的精神和情趣。书法与气化哲学布白:虚空即气中国人对于虚空,空白持有与西方不同的态度。西方:接受现实的物质世界。西方艺术:充满着对于可见世界美妙景象的感受。对于自己不能利用或对付的东西退避三舍。对“虚”,“空”这些概念和观念保持距离。道家:用“虚”,“空”等概念按时和象征“道”,重视这种使万物成为一体并为其提供能量的道,渴望天人合一。西方:以繁盛为美道家:以空灵为美“无”就是气,气就是生命米芾,春山瑞松图虚灵飘荡之气书法与儒家哲学毛笔的特性:柔软——书法家在书写中能创造出无穷的变化。但又有刚健的力量,即其弹性。该特性契合了儒家文化。“儒”字从文字学的观点来看,是“柔”也,是人之所需。(从需字旁的字,都有“柔软”之意。孺子,若米,懦弱,蠕动。。。。)孔子:仁爱孟子补充“义”的力量,学术性,人性应该遵循的道理。“发乎情,止乎礼”(笔尖的触动即情,笔法的规范制约即礼。)颜真卿,颜氏家庙碑浑穆博大,雍容开阔的楷书,是法度的典范,也是感情的充实。儒家的励精图治,今宵金钟,恪尽职守的崇高的责任感。艺术以典正为要,及思想性第一,艺术性第二。内容,经世致用,官场文书书法与儒家哲学心正则笔正,人品即书品儒家文化:伦理文化。书法的美归结为书法家人格的美。柳公权:“心正则笔正。”正面例子:颜真卿,柳公权反对者认为:秦桧,王铎,人品颓丧,但书艺高超。道家:艺术史自我性灵抒发的手段,是在现实世界实现精神逍遥的途径。书法与儒家哲学逆与顺,儒道之别道家:顺应世界,委运任化,是无已的哲学。“顺”(老子是外柔而内刚,以退为进,庄子则是渗入骨髓的柔,“无己”将顺发挥到了极致。)儒家:推行自己,改造世界,是有己的哲学。“逆”书法:逆笔和顺笔的结合,但一位的平顺,又会缺乏活力和朝气。包世臣:赵孟頫书法专用平顺,一点一画,一字一张,排次顶接而成。守拙——书法与老子哲学文明发展的悖论老子:文明的发展对人类本真状态的破坏,呼唤要回归到自然而然的本真状态。——大巧若拙孙过庭:由质到文,由拙向巧的发展史符合事物发展规律的。他是妍美思想的鼓吹者。行草书行笔果敢利落,放锋收锋都迅捷痛快。张怀瓘批评孙过庭:用笔“伤于急速”,而主张文质相参,华质相半,巧拙兼济,古今谐和。守拙——书法与老子哲学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