Unit2----西方文化导论

U3_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesGetStarted_mainGetStartedGetStarted1.AGeneralIntroduction2.FocusInGetStarted_1.1GetStartedGetStarted_1.1GetStartedAncientRome,oncethelargestempireintheworld,wasoriginatedfromsomevillageslocatedontheApenninePeninsulaalongtheMediterraneanSeainthe10thcenturyBC.In509BC,AugustusbuiltarepubliccountryofRome.Duringthe4thcenturyBC,RomeunifiedItalybymilitaryconquest,andafteryearsofwars,itconqueredCarthage,Greece,Macedon,etc.andbuiltupavastRomanEmpirewithaterritorystretchingacrossthreecontinents.Duringthisperiod,RomesucceedinglyexperiencedtheruleofSullaFelix,thefirstTriumvirate,andthesecondTriumvirate.In27BC,Octaviancalledhimself“Augustus”andheldtogetherinhisowngraspallthemilitary,administrative,judicialandreligiouspowers,becomingtheEmperorofRomanEmpire.InthetwoGetStarted_1.2GetStartedcenturiesafterAugustuscametopower,theRomanEmpirereacheditsculminationineconomy,culture,militaryforceandtrade.However,beginningfromthe5thcenturyorso,theRomanEmpireembarkedonapathofdecline.Economicproblems,socialproblemsandfrequentwarsfinallysplittheRomanEmpireintotwoparts:EasternandWesternParts.In476,WesternRomanEmpirecametoanend.RomanssucceededinputtingintoeffecttheideasofrulershipborrowedfromancientGreece.TheGreekdemocracyprovidedthepreliminarybasisforthelaterformofWesterngovernmentwhichwouldappearmoreopenandlessautocratic.Thesocietyhasaclearlydefinedsocialstatus.GetStarted_1.3GetStartedRomansalsoborrowedmanyotherculturalideasfromancientGreece,includingdailycustoms,lawsandarchitecturaldesignsaswellasliterarystylesandcreativemethodswhichgreatlyaddedtothetasteandcharmofdailylifebeforetheGreekandRomanculturescamearoundasclassicalcultureasitwastermedbylatereras.However,itstillattributedgreatlytotheWesterncultureinmythology,religion,literature,history,philosophy,architectureandart.GetStarted_2.1GetStartedTogetabriefviewofthehistoryanddevelopmentofancientRomeTogettoknowtheRomansocialstructureandeconomicconditionsTobefamiliarwithmajorcharacteristicsandcontributionsofRomancultureinmythology,religion,philosophy,history,literatureandartsTextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.TheHistoricalDevelopmentofAncientRomeII.TheRomanSocialandEconomicConditionsIII.RomanCulturalAchievementsTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheHistoryofAncientRomeOrigin:smallvillageincentralItalyDuring700BC–800BC,SevenHillAllytookshapeandcitiesandtribescameintobeing.Development:In509BC,AugustusbuiltupRomanRepublic.AfterthreePunicwars,inthe4thcenturyBC,avastunifiedRomanEmpirewasestablishedwithterritorystretchingacrossthreecontinents.TextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasThreepowerfulrulers:L.SullaFelix,the1stTriumvirate,the2ndTriumvirateIn27BC,OctaviancalledhimselfAugustusandbuiltupacentralizedRome.Decline:In33AD,RomanEmpirewasdividedintotwoparts.End:In476,WestRomewasdefeatedbyGermantroopsandcametoanend.TextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsLuciusTarquiniusSuperbus卢修斯•塔克文•苏佩布(？–496BC):Superbuswasthe7themperoroftheRomanKingdomEtruscan，rulingfrom535BCtotheRomanrevoltin509BCwhichledtotheestablishmentoftheRomanRepublic.TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsRomulusandRemus罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯：Romulus(771BC–717BC)andRemus(771BC–753BC)werethetwinbrothers,whoweresaidtobethefoundersofRome.InRomanmythology,theirparentswereMarsandRheaSilvia,thedaughterofLatinKing.ThetwinswereorderedtobedrownedbythenewkingwhodethronedtheLatinKing.However,theyweresavedandraisedbyashe-wolf.Whentheygrewup,thetwinsbuilttheirowncity,butRemuswaskilledTextStudy_I_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsbyhisbrotherwhobecamethefirstkingofRome.Nowadays,Romulusisregardedasamythologicalfigure,whosenameistheoriginofRome.TextStudy_I_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsPunicWars布匿战争:AseriesofwarsbetweenRomeandCarthagefrom264BCto146BC.ThemaincauseistheconflictofinterestsbetweentheCarthaginianEmpireandtheRomanRepublic.Therearethreelargestwars:FirstPunicWar(264BC–241BC),SecondPunicWar(218BC–201BC),ThirdPunicWar(149BC–146BC).Eventually,aftermorethanahundredyears,RomeconqueredtheCarthaginianEmpireandbecamethemostpowerfulstateintheclassicalworld.TextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTriumvirate三头统治:ApoliticalgroupofthreepowerfulpersonsinRome.TheFirstTriumviratewasaninformalgoverningalliancecomposedofGaiusJuliusCaesar,MarcusLiciniusCrassus,andPompeyinthemid-1stcenturyBC.TheSecondTriumviratewasaformaloneconsistingofOctavian,MarkAntonyandMarcusAemiliusLepidus.TextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.6TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsOctavian屋大维：Octavian（Augustus）（63BC–14AD）wasadoptedbyJuliusCaesarin44BC.HewasthefirstemperorinRomanEmpirefrom27BCto14AD.In40BC，hewascalledAugustusbytheSenate,whohadpowertoruleRome’sreligious,civilandmilitaryaffairs.Hemadegreatachievementsinhisrulingtime:thelongpeaceaftercivil