解构与可译性

DeconstructionandTranslatability解构与可译性夏洋洋DeconstructionProposedbyFrenchphilosopherJacquesDerridaanti-logocentrismItseekstoexpose,andthentosubvert,thevariousbinaryoppositionsDifférance,Limit,IterabilityBinaryOpposition(二元对立)onetermisprivilegedorcentralovertheotherInoppositionssuchas:speech/writingpresence/absencepositive/negativemeaning/formsoul/bodyLogocentrism/phonocentrismItsuggeststhatthespeaker’sconsciousnessisafullyisolableself-presence,anindependentself-identity.Itunderstandsspeechasthedirectexpressionofpresenceandtruthofmeaning.DeconstructionAphilosophicalmovementandtheoryofliterarycriticismthatquestionstraditionalassumptionsaboutcertainty,identity,andtruth;assertsthatwordscanonlyrefertootherwords;andattemptstodemonstratehowstatementsaboutanytextsubverttheirownmeanings:“Indeconstruction,thecriticclaimsthereisnomeaningtobefoundintheactualtext,butonlyinthevarious,oftenmutuallyirreconcilable,'virtualtexts'constructedbyreadersintheirsearchformeaning”(RebeccaGoldstein).在解构中，评论家宣称在真正的文本中不可能找到含义，只能通过各种各样方式并通常是双方不可互相调和的，读者为了寻找含义而构建起来的‘虚拟文本’上才能找到.(丽贝卡·戈尔茨坦)Différance(延异)1.CoinedbyDerrida，thecoreofdeconstruction2.Itincludestwoaspects:1)todefer,todelay,implyingatemporalhorizon;2)todiffer,implyingaspatialhorizon.Example:“chair”，anabsentpresence；符号代表了一种缺席的在场(anabsentpresence)。我们无需呈现椅子实物，只需使用声音或chair文字即可，这样就推迟或延后了实物的在场。Playofdifference(延异嬉戏)1.Différanceisnotaconceptingeneralsenseandcannotbeassignedwithmeaning;itistheconditionofpossibilityformeanings.2.Alllanguage,inordertobelanguage,generatesmeaningthroughtheplayofdifferences语言符号无非是一系列不断推延的差异游戏。语言中的意义仅仅是一种差异。Example:cat之所以是cat而不是bat或cap因为它不同于cap和bat的差异而构成的。语言中的所指和能指并没有内在的一一对立关系。Trace(踪迹)Tracecanbeseenasanalwayscontingenttermforamarkoftheabsenceofapresence,analways-alreadyabsentpresent“踪迹是一个不在场事物的现在的符号，他是在场中的不在场，是存在的某种影子。1.Tracecarrieswithinitselfthemarkofotherelementsthatareabsent.2.Pursuingmeaningisnotamatterofrevealingsomehiddenpresencethatisalreadythere;rather,itisrelentlesstrackingthroughaalwaysmovingplayofdifferencesLimitNolanguagecanbeaclean-cutentitywithclearlydecidableandabsolutelimits.Thelimitoflanguageisbothaboundaryandastructuralopeningbetweenlanguages,contexts.一种语言的限制并不完全或绝对与另一个语言分离，而是一种语言与语言间的临界，即语言与文本间的结构的开放。SingularityandGenerality1.Anylanguageeventisanirreduciblysingularperformancewithameaningthateffectuatesfromasystematicplayofdifferencesinaspecificcontext.2.Anyevent,inordertobeinterpretableandmeaningful,mustrepeatstructuresalreadyrecognizableinageneralcode.3.Everyeventisbothsingularandgeneral.Text1.Itreferstoeverythingmeaningfultous,anopenweavewithsocial,cultural,politicalandeconomicfactors.2.Everystrandofeverytextinthenarrowsenseproducesmeaningasaprocessofdifferingnotonlyfromotherelementsoflanguage,butfromallelementsinhisopen,inexhaustibleweave.3.文本的开放性和无终止性IntertextualityWritingDerridareversestheclassicspeech/writinghierarchyandplaceswritingontop.Itisgenerallyconceivedasasubstance,throughaprocessofsubstitution,standsinfora“real”referentthatexistsbeforeandoutsideofsignification.文字优越性，首先表现在它在符号学意义上的“可重复性”(iterability)。IterabilityThecapacitytoberepeatableindifferentcontexts文本结构的可重复性不断重复传统符号使文本具有可读性。StabilityandInstability（稳定性与非稳定性）ASraces(theplayofdifferences)arerepeatable,textsbecomeintelligibleandreadable.Stabilityandinstabilityaremutuallyconstitutivenecessities,whichpreventbothtotaltranslatabilityandtotaluntranslatability.两者并非对立，而是相互依存的。稳定性无限接近文本，但每个符号却打破既定情景，以不稳定的形式产生无限新的情景。Shakespeare’sRomeoandJulietisaccessibletousevenifweknowlittleaboutitshistoricalbackgroundbecausetracesarealwaysrepeatable.Supplement(替补)Asupplementissomethingthat,allegedlysecondarily,comestoserveasanaidtosomething‘original’or‘natural’.Writingisitselfanexampleofthisstructure,forasDerridapointsout,“ifsupplementarityisanecessarilyindefiniteprocess,writingisthesupplementparexcellencesinceitproposesitselfasthesupplementofthesupplement,signofasign,takingtheplaceofaspeechalreadysignificant”(OG281).言语需要文字的补充，这说明言语的本身并不完整。而他所说的替补，实质上就是一连串无休止的语言代替。Survival1.Thetranslationisnotdependentupontheoriginalforitsexistence;rather,theoriginaldependsuponthetranslationforitssurvival.2.Translationcanliveon,takeonlifeandmeaningintheabsenceofitsauthor,thegrowththroughtranslation.3.Theimportantroleandcreativityoftranslator.落叶哀蝉曲汉武帝刘彻罗袂兮无声，玉墀兮尘生。虚房冷而寂寞。落叶依于扃。望彼美女兮安得，感余心之未宁。Therustlingofthesilkisdiscontinued,Dustdriftsoverthecourt-yard,Thereisnosoundoffoot-fall,andtheleavesScurryintoheapsandliestill,Andshetherejoiceroftheheartisbeneaththem:Awetleafthatclingstothethreshold.BYEzraPound庞德没有按刘彻愿意去译，而是根据自己的经验去解释这首诗，继续借用“落叶”的形象，创造出一个新的意象，使原诗流露出一种感情被压一下的冷静。Translatability解构主义理论否定了文本终极意义，提出任何文本都没有一个“中心意义”或者“终极意义”。文本的开放性和文本之间普遍的互文性以及文本意义的不确定性。译者可以根据自身的经验知识以及历届去翻译一部作品，不同译者翻译的同样一部原作也不是完全一样的。因此，从解构主义对文本终极意义否定的角度可以看出翻译具有可译性的一面。Exampletobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion各家译文：朱生豪：生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。梁实秋：死后是存在，还是不存在，——这是问题。卞之琳：活下去还是不活，这是问题。许国璋：是生，是死，这是问题。王佐良：生或死，这就是问题所在。方平：活着好，还是死了好，这是个难题啊。孙大雨：是生存还是消亡，问题的所在。裘克安：活着，还是不活了，问题就在这里。某教授：做与不做，真是个问题。某剧本：生存或毁灭,这是个必答之问题。Noabsolutetranslatabilityorabsoluteun