环境工程专业英语

环境监测专业英语Englishonenvironmentsecurity黄河水院2012年2月环境工程专业英语EnglishonenvironmentsecurityLessonOneTranslationonScientificEnglishVocabularyTheEnvironmentandEnvironmentalEngineeringSentencePatternsforScientificEnglishLessonTwoTranslationonScientificEnglishVocabularyEnvironmentalPollutionSentencePatternsforScientificEnglishLessonThreeTranslationonScientificEnglishVocabularyPresentationandLanguagePointsDisposalofSewageSentencePatternsforScientificEnglishsayyousaymeLessononeTranslationonScientificEnglishVocabularyTextSentencePatternsforScientificEnglish科技英语的概述词汇上的特点修辞上的特点句法上的特点1．科技英语在词汇上的特点：1）专业词汇出现的频率低2）词义专一：文学：一词多义，一义多词科技：词形越长，词义就越专一e.g.schizosaccharomyceshexachlorecyclohexanelaser:lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation3)词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语4）广泛使用缩写词e.g.A---absolutetemperatureB---buoyancy5)前后缀出现的频率高e.g.semi---230auto----260micro----300thermo---130表示行为、性质、状态等抽象概念：--ance--ence,--oty,--ment,--ness,--sion,--tion,--th,--ure…表示某种性质和特征：--able，--ible，--ant,--ent,--al,--ic,--ical,--ive,--ous2．句法上的特点：1）长句使用多，往往一个主句带着若干个从句，从句带短语，短语又带从句，从句套从句，互相依附，互相制约，一步接一步，一环扣一环。2）广泛使用被动语态3）普遍使用形容词短语作后置定语e.g.Allradiantenergyhaswavelikcharacteristicsanalogoustothoseofwavesthatmovethroughwater.4）动词的非谓语形式使用的频率高e.g.Todaytheelectroniccomputeriswidelyusedinsolvingmathematicalproblemshavingtodowithweatherforecastingandputtingsatellitesintoorbit.3.在修辞上的特点：1）时态运用有限一般叙述过去的研究-------过去时或现在完成时讨论研究项目所基于的理论-------将来时论述理论部分------现在时2）修辞手法较简单文学：夸张hyperbole，明喻simile，隐喻metaphor，借喻metonymy，拟人personification,对照contrast等文学作品科技文献文学作品发生发生高潮尾声结论科技推理归纳总结分析问题提出问题逻辑、语法词使用的普遍表示原因语气转折逻辑顺序表示限制表示限制because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,as,asaresultof,causedby,forbut,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwiseso,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,inadditiontoonly,ifonly,except,besides,unlesssuppose,assumingprovided,providing科技英语翻译表达出来达翻译的标准翻译的概念把一种语言的意义用另一种语言文字信雅修辞忠实通顺e.g.Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman,….Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.3.科技翻译和困难性:语系：汉藏、印欧、马拉尔、阿尔泰、闪—含、伊比利亚—高加索、达罗吡茶、马来—波里尼亚、南亚语系……汉语→汉藏语系、英语→印欧语系1)汉英语言三大不同点：(1)组词上的不同：汉的词一般有两个或两个以上的字组成，英语则不然。汉英语言三大不同点组词上的不同词类的划分及其用法的不同句法上的不同(1)组词上的不同：汉的词一般有两个或两个以上的字组成,英语则不然。，(2)词类的划分及其用法的不同：汉语：实词：名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词。虚词：副词、介词、连词、助词。英语：实词：名词、动词、形容词、数词、副词、代词。虚词：连词、介词、冠词、叹词。(3)句法上的不同：汉语：单句：主谓句、省略句、无主句、独词句。复句：联合、复句、偏正复句。英语：简单、并列、复合。科技英语的三大特点it,there使用被动语态词译事三难汉语表达难英语理解难科技知识难冠词使用翻译方法理解过程表达过程通读全文：领略大意明辨语法：形音关系结合上下文：推敲词义翻译：忠实为主定局：润色文字校对：注重逻辑Exercises1.softpillow,softmusic,softcushion,softwood,softmoney,softdrinksoftbreeze,softlight,softvoice,softfire,softhat,softwordssoftanswersoftgoods,softheart,softwater2.确定right的词义1.Itisnotrightforchildrentosituplate.2.Theplanewasrightaboveourheads.3.Inthenegative,rightandleft,andblackandwhitearereversed.4.Shetriedherbesttorightherhusbandfromthechargeofrobbery.3.确定斜体词的词义1.Heis,thataccountsforhisabsence.2.Inthisbattleheaccountsforfiveoftheenemy.3.Iwantyoutoaccountsforeverycentyouspent.4.Ifthestoveisn’tmadeup,itwillgoout.5.Thereisn’tanygirlcalledClementine.He’sjustmadeherup.6.Halftheroadsintheregionarestilltobemadeup.7.Societyismadeupofpeoplewithwidelydifferingabilities.8.IttookLaurenceOlivermorethananhourtomakeupforthepartof“Othello”.9.Theymadeupabedonthesofafortheunexpectedvisitor.10.WehavetodrivefasttomakeupthehourwelostinBoston.11.Theforeigntradehasrisentounprecedentedfigures.12.Dr.Eliotwasoneofthemostreveredfiguresintheworldoflearning.13.OnthedesktherewasabronzefigureofPlato.14.Hesawdimfiguresmovingtowardshim.15.Junewasgoodatfigureskating.4.确定斜体词的褒贬1.Itwasmid-AugustandthesubjectfordiscussionwasthefutureofRommelandhisAfricaCorps.2.Theypredictedtheyouthwouldhaveabrightfuture.3.Johnwasanaggressivesalesmanwhodidhisjobquitewell.4.Hitlerpursuedanaggressivepolicyafterheseizedpower.5.Hanswastooobviouslyflatteringthegentlemanbysayinghewasthemostcourageousmanhehadeverseen.6.Mr.Brownfeltgreatlyflatteredwhenhereceivedtheinvitationtodeliveralecture.5.西塘镇领略一下水乡美景:Throughabird's-eyeviewofthewholetown,greenwavesrippleeverywhereandeveryfamilyresidesnearwater.Inthemorning,waterflowsbeneathbridges,thinmistislikesilk,pinkishwallsonbothbanksstandtallanderectandtiledhousesarereflectedinverselyinthewater.Intheevening,thesettingsunshinesslantwise,songscomefromfishingboats,lampsflickerandthefragranceofwinedrifts,thewholeoldtownislikeapoemandapicture.Inthistown,peoplewillfeelthattheyareseeminglyinanearthlyparadise.Itishardtoknowthatpeopleexistinthepictureorpictureexistsintheheartofpeople.译文:鸟瞰全镇,处处绿波荡漾,家家临水入影。晨间,小桥流水,薄雾似纱,两岸粉墙高耸,瓦屋倒影。傍晚,夕阳斜照,渔舟唱晚,灯火闪烁,酒香飘溢,整座水乡古镇似诗如画。人处其间,恍然桃源琼瑶,不知是人在画中游,还是画在心中移。二十四节气是根据阳历划定的。即根据太阳在黄道上的位置，把一年划分为２４个彼此相等的段落。也就是把黄道分成２４个等份，每等份各占黄经15°。由于太阳通过每等份所需的时间几乎相等，二十四节气的公历日期每年大致相同：上半年在６日、２１日前后，下半年在８日、２３日前后。并有两句口诀：上半年来六、廿一，下半年来八、廿三。The24SeasonalDivisionPoints雨水RainWater(2ndsolarterm)Feb.18,19or20惊蜇theWakingofInsects(3rdsolarterm)Mar.5,6,or7春分theSpringEquinox(4thsolarterm)Mar.20,21or22清明PureBrightness(5thsolarterm)Apr.4,5or6谷雨GrainRain(6thsolarterm)Apr.19,20or21立夏theBeginningofSummer(7thsolarterm)Ma