conjunction连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词(coordinatingconjunctions)和从属连词(subordinatingconjunctions)。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,aswellas,both…and,notonly…butalso,either…or,neither…nor,(and)then等。上述并列连词又可分为:一般连词(simpleconjunction),关联连词(correlativeconjunction)coordinatingconjunct(并列连词)1.and,or,notonly…butalso,aswellas等表示并列Sheplays(both)thepianoandtheguitar.=Ifyoumakeupyourmind,you'llgetthechance.Makeupyourmind,andyou'llgetthechance.Thereisnoairorwaterinthemoon.=Thereisnoairandnowateronthemoon.Sheplaysnotonlythepianobut(also)theguitar.Neitheryounorheistoblame.注意:(1)notonly…butalso关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。如:Notonlydoeshelikereadingstories,butalsohecanevenwritesome.(2)neither…nor意思为既不……也不……谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。请选择:---Idon‘tlikechicken___fish.---Idon’tlikechicken,___Ilikefishverymuch.A.and;andB.and;butC.or;butD.or;and改错:Wewilldiewithoutairandwater.Wecan'tlivewithoutairorwater.2.表示选择or意思为“否则”。eg.Imustworkhard,orI'llfailintheexam.either…or意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。eg.EitheryouorIamright.3.表示转折或对比but表示转折,while表示对比。选择比较下面两句:(1)Somepeoplelovecats,______othershatethem.(2)---Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?---I‘dliketo,______I’mtoobusy.A.andB.soC.whileD.butnot…but…意思为“不是……而是……“not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。eg.Theywerenotthebonesofananimal,but(thebones)ofahumanbeing.4.表原因for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。so,thereforeeg.Hehurthisleg,sohecouldn‘tplayinthegame.注意:两个并列连词不能连用,但therefore,then,yet例外。eg.YoucanwatchTV,andoryoucangotobed.(错)Hehurthisleg,andthereforehecouldn‘tplayinthegame.(对)改错:Forheisill,heisabsenttoday.Althoughhewasweak,buthetriedhisbesttodothework.subordinatingconjunction(从属连词)英语从属连词(subordinatingconjunction)用来连接各种从句。由从属连词引导的句子通常叫从句,而把含有从句的句子叫作复合句。从属连词大致可分为如下三大类:引导状语从句的从属连词引导名词性从句的从属连词引导定语从句的从属连词1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词(1)表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的有when,while,as,whenever:Hejumpedupwhenthephonerang.电话铃响时他吓了一跳。Welistenedwhiletheteacherread.老师朗读时我们听着。ThephonerangjustasIwasleaving.我正要离开,电话铃就响了起来。(2)表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before,after:Turnthelightsoffbeforeyouleave.离开前请关灯。Hestartedthejobsoonafterhelefttheuniversity.他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。(3)表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since,until,till:Hehaslivedheresincehegotmarried.他结婚后就一直住在这儿。Mostmenworkeduntil[till]they’re65.大多数男人工作到65岁。温馨提示:用until/till引导时间状语从句时,主句的谓语动词要十分小心地去加以选择的。如谓语动词是持续性的,要用肯定形式,如:Istudiedharduntil12o‘clocklastnight.如果谓语动词是瞬间性的,则要用否定形式,如:Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhismothercameback.(4)表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有assoonas,themoment,theminute,thesecond,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,nosooner…than,hardly…when等:Tellhimthenewsassoonasyouseehim.你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。Irecognizedherthemoment(that)Isawher.我一看到她就认出她来了。Iwanttoseehimtheminute(that)hearrives.他一到来我就要见他。IwenthomedirectlyIhadfinishedwork.我一干完活就回家了。Oncehearrives,wecanstart.他一来我们就可以开始。(5)表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有everytime(每次),eachtime(每次),(the)nexttime(下次),anytime(随时),(the)lasttime(上次),thefirsttime(第一次):LasttimeIsawhim,helookedill.上次我见到他的时候,他好像有病。Dolookmeupnexttimeyou’reinLondon.你下次到伦敦来,一定来找我。EverytimeIcallonhim,heisout.我每次去访问他,他都不在。Youcancallmeanytimeyouwantto.你随时都可以给我打电话。2.引导条件状语从句的从属连词:主要有if,unless,as(so)longas,incase等:IfanyonecallstellthemI’mnotathome.要是有人打电话来,就说我不在家。Youwillfailunlessyouworkhard.你若不努力就会失败。As[So]longasyouneedme,I’llstay.只要你需要我,我就留下。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.万一我忘记,请提醒我一下。【注】在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的if之后可能用will,但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词):Ifyouwillwaitamoment,I’llfetchthemoney.请等一下,我就去拿钱。3.引导目的状语从句的从属连词:主要的有inorderthat,sothat,incase,forfear等:Weusedthecomputerinorderthatwemightsavetime.我们使用计算机是为了节约时间。Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.说清楚,以便让他们能明白你的意思。Bequietincaseyoushouldwakethebaby.安静些,免得把婴儿吵醒。Heisworkinghardforfearheshouldfail.他努力工作以免会失败。4.引导结果状语从句的从属连词:主要的有sothat,so…that,such…that等:We’reallherenow,sothatthemeetingcanbeginatlast.我们现在都到齐了,终于能开会了。It’ssodifficultaquestionthatnoneofuscananswerit.那是一个很难的问题,我们没有一个人能回答。Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke.他关窗户用力很大,结果玻璃震破了。【注】sothat中的that在口语中通常可以省略。5.引导原因状语从句的从属连词:主要的有because,as,since,seeing(that),now(that),considering(that)等:Hecouldn’tgottoschoolbecausehehadacold.他因患感冒而未能去上学。Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourdiscussion.大家都到了,我们就开始吧。Seeingthatitis8o’clock,we’llwaitnolonger.由于时间已到8点,我们将不再等了。Nowthatyouarehere,you’dbetterstay.你既然来了,最好还是留下吧。6.引导让步状语从句的从属连词:主要的有although,though,eventhough,evenif,while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等:Although[Though]heispoor,heiswellcontented.他虽穷却能知足常乐。Though[Eventhough]it’shardwork,Ienjoyit.尽管是苦活,但我乐意干。Evenifyoudon’tlikewine,tryaglassofthis.即使你不喜欢喝酒,也尝尝这杯吧。Whilewedon’tagreewecontinuetobefriends.尽管我们意见不同,但我们还是朋友。Howeveryouuseit,itwon’tbreak.不管你怎么使用,它都不会破。Whateveryousay,Ibelieveyou.无论你说什么,我都相信你。Whoevertelephones,tellthemI’mout.不管是谁打电话,都说我出去了。Wheneveryoucome,youarewelcome.你什么时候来,我们都欢迎。.Howevermuchheeats,henevergetsfat.无论他吃多少,他都不发胖。7.引导方式状语从句的从属连词:主要的有as,like,asif,asthough,theway等:Doitashedoes.像他那样做。.Hebehavedasifnothinghadhappened.他装作若无其事的样子。.TheytreatmeasthoughIwereastranger.他们待我如陌生人。.No