关于翻译共性的研究

2006938　5()ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch(bimonthly)Sept.2006Vol.38No.5北京外国语大学　吴　昂　黄立波　　:。,MonaBaker,,、、、。:、、　　[中图分类号]H315.9　　[文献标识码]A　[文章编号]1000-0429(2006)05-0296-71.90,,,。,、、、。。(translationuni-versals),1,Baker(1993:243)“,”,,,。:,,;,,。Baker(Vanderauwera1985;Blum_Kulka1986;Shlesinger1991),(universalfea-turesoftranslation),:1);2);3);4);5);6)(Baker1993:243_245)。,、,。,,。2001EST,(Hansenetal.2004;Mauranen&Kujamäki2004)。:?·296·“”(05BYY013)。?,Baker(simplification)、(explicitation)(normalization)2。,Laviosa(2002)Olohan(2004),Baker(1993:233_250)“CorpusLinguisticsandTranslationStudies:ImplicationsandApplica-tions”,(pre_corpus)(corpus_based)。2.80(Laviosa2002:1、21),,。“”,,、。、、。,“/”(Bak-er1996:176)。Blum_Kulka&Levenston(1983)、Vanderauwera(1985)、Baker(1992/2000),、,,、、3。Blum_Kulka&Leven-ston(1983)4,,。Vanderauwera(1985),,,。Vinay&Darbelnet,,(1958/1995:342)。,Vinay&Darbelnet(1958/1995)、Nida(1964/2004)、Nida&Taber(1969)、Vanderauwera(1985)、Blum_Kulka(1986)、Klaudy(1998/2004)。Vinay&Dar-belnet,,。,,,。Nida&Taber(1969:164_5),,。。Vander-auwera(1985),,,。Blum_Kulka(1986:19)(theexplicita-tionhypothesis):,。:,,,;,,。Blum_Kulka。Klaudy(1998/2004)、、,,,。·297·吴　昂　黄立波　关于翻译共性的研究“、”(Baker1996:176_177)。Vanderauwera(1985)Toury(1995/2001)。Vander-auwera、、、(Laviosa2002:55)。Toury(standardization),(Paloposki2001),,。,Laviosa(2002:57_58),:1),、,;2),、、,;3),。,。3.Baker(1993),,Baker(1993,1995,1996)、Laviosa(1998a,1998b)、Kenny(1998,2001)、verås(1998)、Olohan&Baker(2000)、Mauranen(2002),Mauranen&Kujamäki(2004)、Puurtinen(1998,2003a,2003b)、Tirkkonen_Condit(2002,2004)、(2003,2005)、Englund_Dimitrova(2003)、Franken-berg_Gacia(2004),、,。Laviosa(2002:58_59),Baker:,;,/(product_/target_oriented);,(compa-rablecorpora)。,Baker。Laviosa(1998b)(1998a),(monolingualcomparablecorpus_basedmodel),,,(Kenny2005;Bernardini2005)。Kenny(2005),,。verås(1998)-(ENPC),,。Olohan&Bakerthat(Olohan2004:93_97),,,。Mauranen、PuurtinenTirkkonen_Condit(CorpusofTranslatedFinnish),,。/5,,:“,(),,,·298·2006年　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　外语教学与研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　第5期,,”(2005:306)。Englund_Dimitrova(2003),-,:,。,-。Frankenberg_Gacia(2004)-(Com-para),。,。,/,。,:1),,、/、、;2),;3);4),。、(),、,、。4.,,(hypothesizeduniversals),(potentialuniversals)。?,?,。:第一,对方法论的质疑。(monolingualcomparablecorpus),Kenny(1998,2001),,(2005:157),。Olohan&Baker(2000),Kenny-(GEPCOLT):saythatdaβ,,daβ,,that(2005:161)。,。Bernardini(2005:6),“,”,(lackofcomparability)。,。第二,一些实证性个案研究的结果与共性假设相背离。Puurtinen(1998,2003a,2003b),,。,,,,,,·299·吴　昂　黄立波　关于翻译共性的研究Baker。Laviosa(1998a,1998b),(2002:77),,,。,,。Kenny-,,(2001:187、210)。。Mauranen,(multi_wordstrings),,(Pu-urtinen2003a)。Johansson(2004)Jean_ClaudeChevalier(humansubject),-:,,。,。第三,印欧语系之外的共性研究对原有假设的挑战。,,。Tirkkonen_Condit(2002,2004),,(theuniqueitemshy-pothesis):/,,/。,,(Tirkkonen_Condit2002:209),,“、”(Baker1996:176_177)。(2003)/“”:1)“”“”。2)“”。“”,“”。Tirkkonen_Condit。(2005):,、,、。:,。Bernardini&Zanettin(2004)。Baker,、,,;,。、、、,、。5.:(observability)(repli-·300·2006年　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　外语教学与研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　第5期cability)。,,,,。,,,。,,,,,、,()。　1.“、、”(2005)。2.,。3.KingaKlaudy,:、、(Baker1998/2004:82_83),,Klaudy。4.Laviosa“Universalsoftranslations”(Baker1998/2004:288)Blum_Kulka&Levenston(1983),(Blum_Kulka&Levenston1983:126_36)。5.,(2004)。Baker,M.1992/2000.InOtherWord:ACoursebookonTranslation[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.Baker,M.1993.Corpuslinguisticsandtranslationstudies:Im-plicationsandapplications[A].InM.Baker,G.Francis&E.Tognini_Bonelli(eds.).TextandTechnology:InHon-ourofJohnSinclair[C].Philadelphia&Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins.Baker,M.1995.Corporaintranslationstudies:Anoverviewandsomesuggestionsforfutureresearch[J].Target7/2:223_243.Baker,M.1996.Corpus_basedtranslationstudies:Thechal-lengesthatlieahead[A].InH.Somers(ed.).Terminol-ogy,LSPandTranslation[C].Amsterdam:JohnBen-jamins.Baker,M.(ed.).1998/2004.RoutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies[Z].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLan-guageEducationPress.Bernardini,S.2005.Revivingoldideas:Parallelandcomparableanalysisintranslationstudies—Withanexamplefromtranslationstylistics[A].InK.Aijmer&C.Alvstad(eds.).NewTendenciesinTranslationStudies.SelectedPapersfromaWorkshopGöteborg12December2003[C].Göteborg:ActaUniversitatisGothoburgensis.Bernardini,S.&F.Zanettin.2004.Whenisauniversalnotauniversal?Somelimitsofcurrentcorpus_basedmethodologiesfortheinvestigationoftranslationuniversals[A].InA.Mauranen&P.Kujamäki(eds.).2004.Blum_Kulka,S.1986.Shiftsofcohesionandcoherenceintrans-lation[A].InJ.House&S.Blum_Kulka(eds.).Inter-lingualandInterculturalCommunication.DiscourseandCognitioninTranslationandSecondLanguageAcquisitionStudies[C].Tǜbingen:GunterNarrVerlag.Blum_Kulka,S.&E.A.Levenston.1983.Universalsoflexi-calsimplification[A].InC.Færch&G.Kasper(eds.).StrategiesinInterlanguageCommunication[C].London&NewYork:Longman.Englund_Dimitrova,B.2003.ExplicitationinRussian-Swedishtranslation:Sociolinguisticandpragmaticaspects[A].InB.Englund_Dimitrova&Al.Pereswetoff_Morath(eds.).SwedishContributionstotheThirteenthInternationalCongressofSlavists,Ljubljana,15_21August2003[C].Lund:LundUniversity.Frankenberg_Gacia,A.2004.Aretranslat