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1.Fromyourunderstand,whatarethemainchallengesingenomicsthatwewillconfrontwithinthefuture?1.1Tocharacterizethestructuresandfunctionsofhumangenome1.2Betterunderstandingtheknowledgeofheritablegeneticvariationsinhumangenome1.3Applynewknowledgeofgeneandmetabolicpathwaytodevelopneweffecivemethodsforhumandiseasetreatment1.4Toexplainthemechanismofevolutionandvariationamongdifferentspecies1.5Tocloneandcharacterizethekeyfunctionalgenesincrop1.6Usinggenomicstoolstoincreasethecropyieldandresolvethefoodcrisisintheworld2.WhataretheadvantagesofDNAasthegeneticmaterial？2.1.DNAcontainsalargeamountofinformation.2.2.Complementarybasepairsensureaccuratereplication.2.3.Highstabilityinwater3.HowdoseDNAfunctionadvantageoverRNA?Bothcanserveasgeneticmaterial;manyvirusesuseRNAastheirgeneticmaterial.DNAprobablyevolvedasthegeneticmaterialforcellssothatRNAcouldbeusedasmessengerRNAwhichcarriestheinformationforproteinsynthesistotheribosomes.ThemRNAismetabolicallyunstablebecauseitisrapidlybrokendownbyRNAse.DNAmustbestablesoRNAhadtoevolvetofulfillthisfunction.BothDNAandRNAhavethesamecodingcapacity.Theybotharepolymerswithsimilarpotentiallength.DNAthatcommonlyexistsinalllivingorganismsbutisnotreallycommonwithRNA.SomevirusesareexceptionalbecausetheyexistwithasinglestrandofDNAorwithadoublestrandofRNA.ThemostimportantbyfaristhatDNAistypicallydoublestranded.Thishasanumberofadvantages,themostimmediatebeingwhenonestrandbreakstheentiremoleculedoesnotfallapartifanerrorismadeinonestrandononebasetheotherstrandisstillthereinitsoriginalordertohelpmaintaintheoriginalsequenceontheoppositestrandwhenacorrectionenzymecomesalongtoclipoutthemismatch4.ShortdescriptionsthetwoimportantexperimentswhichprovedthatgenesaremadeofDNA(a)Injectmousewithharmlessbacteria,themousesurvive.Injectmousewithharmlessbacteriaplustransformingprinciple,themousedies,andextractvirulentbacteriafrommouseInjectmousewithharmlessbacteriaplustransformingprincipleandtreatedwithproteaseribonuclease,themousedies,andextractvirulentbacteriafrommouseInjectmousewithharmlessbacteriaplustransformingprincipleandtreatedwithproteasedeoxyribonuclease,themousesurvives,andcannotextractvirulentbacteriafrommouse(b)35SisonlyinDNA,32Pisonlyinprotein.Make35Sand32Pmarkedphageattachedtothebacteria,thephagewasmarkedwith32Pand35S,afterthephagedetached,centrifuge,wecanfind32Pinthebottompelletofbacteria,and35Sinthetopphageproteincapsid.5.PleaselistthenamesofthreemainthetypesofDNAmutations.(1)Somemutationsarespontaneouserrors(2)Somemutationsarecausedbyphysicalmutagens(3)Somemutationsarecausedbychemicalmutagens6.WhatarethepossibleeffectsofDNAmutationsonorganism?①lethal②lossorgainsomefunctions③altergenotypewithoutchangingthephenotype④contributivetothesurvivalofspecies,promoteevolution1.Theeffectsofmutationsongenomes-Synonymouschange-Non-synonymouschange2.Theeffectsofmutationsonmulti-cellularorganisms-Loss-of-function-Gain-of-function3.…onmicroorganisms①Auxotrophs②Conditional-lethalmutants③Inhibitor-resistantmutants④Regulatorymutants7.WhatisDNArepair?WhatisthefunctionofDNArepair?DNArepairingreferstoacollectionofprocessesbywhichacellidentifiesandcorrectsdamagetotheDNAmolecules.Itisessentialthatcellspossessefficientrepairsystems,withouttheserepairsystemsagenomewouldnotbeabletomaintainitsessentialcellularfunctionsformorethanafewhoursbeforekeygenesbecameinactivatedbyDNAdamage.Directrepair、Excisionrepair、Mismatchrepair、Nonhomologousend-joining：usedtomanddouble-strandbreaks、Recombinationalrepair、SOSrepair8.Whatisthecentraldogma?DNAreplicationwithDNApolymerase.DNAtranscripttoRNAwithRNApolymerase.RNAreversetranscripttoDNAwithreversetranscriptase.translation,ribosome9.Whatistheconstitutiveexpression?1.ConceptExpressionofagenethatistranscribedatarelativelyconstantlevelregardlessofthecellenvironmentalconditions,forexample,theexpressionofhousekeepinggenestoproduceproteinssuchasActin,GAPDHandUbiquitin2.Features①genesareexpressedcontinuouslyandwon’tbeinfluencedbycellenvironmentalconditions②relativelyconstantexpressionlevel3.FunctionTomaintainingthebasiccellprocessesorstructure10.Whatarethetwomaingeneexpressionpatterns?1、TemporalspecificityThegeneexpressionoccursduringaspecifictimeandobeystrictorder.Temporalspecificityofmulticellularorganismsisalsocalledstagespecificity2、SpatialspecificityInmulti-cellularorganisms,theexpressionlevelofacertaingeneisdifferentamongdifferenttissuesororgansinacertaindevelopmentalstage，thenresultingindifferentdistributionofspecificproteinintissuesandorgans.Spatialspecificityisalsocalledcellortissuespecificity.11.Whatarethethreekeystagesoftranscription?•Initiation:describesthesynthesisofthefirstnucleotidebondsinRNA•Elongation:theenzymemovesalongtheDNAandextendsthegrowingRNAchain•Termination:involvesrecognitionofthepointatwhichnofurtherbasesshouldbeaddedtothechain12.Whatisthegeneticcodeandwhatarethestopcodonsandstartcode?Thegeneticcodeisthesetofrulesbywhichinformationencodedingeneticmaterial(DNAormRNAsequences)istranslatedintoproteins(aminoacidsequences)bylivingcells.STOPcodons:UAA,UAG,UGAStartcodon:AUG13.Howm