翻译

1916-英国著名翻译理论家和翻译教育家出生于捷克，幼年移民英国。剑桥大学毕业，香港浸会大学博士学位（BaptistUniversity，HK）英国萨里大学（UniversityofSurrey）现代语言学教授，英国中伦敦理工学院（现威斯特敏斯特大学）语言学院院长，终身教授。从事英德和英法互译教学，曾翻译过瑞士画家克勒，德国画家丢勒的书籍。《翻译探索》（《翻译问题探索》ApproachestoTranslation,1981）《论翻译》（AboutTranslation,1983）(被译成阿拉伯语和意大利语)《翻译短评》（paragraphsontranslation,1985）《翻译教程》（ATextbookofTranslation,1988）（被译成加利西亚语、斯洛文尼亚语、希腊语和西班语）（被译成）《翻译短评续》（MoreParagraphsonTranslation,1993）对普通翻译理论的主要贡献（纽马克：ApproachestoTranslation,1981）提出语义翻译（semantictranslation）和交际翻译（communicativetranslation）语义翻译强调贴近原文，而交际翻译则强调对读者的效果。奈达对此评述说：“语义翻译重在传达原文的语义内容，交际翻译则强调对读者的理解和反应。至于翻译时对这两种概念的权衡，纽马克认为需要考虑文本类型，他根据内容将文本分为表达功能(expressivefunction)信息功能（informativefunction）祈使功能(vocativefunction)三个类型关联翻译法（correlativeapproachtotranslation）的新翻译概念的进一步阐释：原作或译语文本越重要，翻译就要紧跟原文。准确翻译（closetranslation）的程度则从词汇，语法和文本三个角度来概括。在几乎所有翻译中都涉及三种意义：认知意义（cognitivemeaning）交际意义（communicativemeaning）联想意义(associativemeaning)语言功能分为六种：表达功能（expressivefunction）、信息功能(informationfunction)祈使功能(vocativefunction)人际功能(phaticfunction)审美功能aestheticfunction元语言功能（metalingualfunction）Translationisaskillandanartaswellasascience(翻译既是科学，又是艺术和技巧)纽马克还对翻译批评，翻译教学，翻译理论的发展、地位及其与其他学科的关系等众多翻译理论问题进行了深入的论述。SLemphasisTLemphasisword-for-wordtranslationadaptationLiteraltranslationfreetranslationFaithfultranslationidiomatictranslationSemantictranslationcommunicationtranslation.....Commentingonthethesemethods,Ishouldfirstsaythatonlysemanticandcommunicativetranslation,whicharefirst,accuracy,andsecond,economy.(asemantictranslationismorelikelytobeeconomicalthanacommunicativetranslation,unless,forthelatter,thetextispoorlywritten)Semanticandcommunicativetranslationmustalsobeseenaswholes.Semantictranslationispersonalandindividual,followsthethoughtprocessesoftheauthor,tendstoover-translate,pursuenuancesofmeaning,Yetaimsasconcisioninordertoreproducepragmaticimpact.Communicativetranslationissocial,concentratesonthemessageandthemainforceofthetext,tendstounder-translate,tobesimple,clearandbrief,andisalwayswritteninanaturalandresourceful.Asemantictranslationisnormallyinferiortoitsoriginal,asthereisbothcognitiveandpragmaticloss;acommunicativeisoftenbetterthanitsoriginal.Atapinch,asemantictranslationhastointerpret,acommunicativetranslationtoexplain.Theoretically,communicativetranslationallowsthetranslatornomorefreedomthansemantictranslation.---PeterNewmark,ATextbookofTranslationCommunicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoforiginal.Semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalHowever,incommunicativeasinsemantictranslation,providedthatequivalent-effectissecured,theliteralword-for-wordtranslationisnotonlythebest,itistheonlyvalidmethodoftranslation.Iamassumingthatwhilstasemantictranslationmaybebetter,sinceitmaytranslationthetranslatoristryinginhisownlanguagetowritealittlebetterthantheoriginal,unlessheisreproducingthewell-establishedformulaeofnoticesorcorrespondenceCommunicativetranslation,byadaptingandmakingthethoughtandculturalconceptoftheoriginalmoreaccessibletothereader,givessemantictranslationanotherdimension.communicativetranslation,however,isconcernedwiththetransmitterusuallyasanindividual,andoftenincontradistinctionbothtohiscultureandtothenormsofhislanguage.Itisnotalwayspossibletostatewhichisthebettermethodtouseforaparticulartext.Inamainlyinformativetext,thesectioncontainingrecommendations,instructions,value-judgements,etc.maybetranslatedmorecommunicativelythanthedescriptivepassages.Wherelanguageisusedtoaccompanyactionorasitssymbol(speech-acts),itistreatedcommunicatively,whilstdefinitions,ect.aresemantic.---PeterNewmarkApproachestoTranslation