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ReadingMaterial16PressureVesselCodes①HistoryofPressureVesselCodesintheUnitedStatesThroughthelate1800sandearly1900s,explosionsinboilersandpressurevesselswerefrequent.AfiretubeboilerexplosionontheMississippiRiversteamboatSultanaonApril27,1865,resultedintheboat'ssinkingwithin20minutedandthedeathof1500soldiersgoinghomeaftertheCivilWar.Thistypeofcatastrophecontinuedunabatedintotheearly1900s.In1905,adestructiveexplosionofafiretubeboilerinashoefactoryinBrockton,Massachusetts,killed58people,injured117others,anddid$400000inpropertydamage.In1906,anotherexplosioninashoefactoryinLynn,Massachusetts,resultedindeath,injury,andextensivepropertydamage.Afterthisaccident,theMassachusettsgovernordirectedtheformationofaBoardofBoilerRules.ThefirstsetofrulesforthedesignandconstructionofboilerswasapprovedinMassachusettsonAugust30,1907.Thiscodewasthreepageslong.②In1911,ColonelE.D.Meier,thepresidentoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,establishedacommitteetowriteasetofrulesforthedesignandconstructionofboilersandpressurevessels.OnFebruary13,1915,thefirstASMEBoilerCodewasissued.ItwasentitledBoilerConstructionCode,1914Edition.ThiswasthebeginningofthevarioussectionsoftheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,whichultimatelybecameSection1,PowerBoilers.③ThefirstASMECodeforpressurevesselswasissuedasRulesfortheConstructionofUnfiredPressureVessels,SectionⅧ,1925edition.Therulesappliedtovesselsover6in.indiameter,volumeover1.53ft,andpressureover30psi.InDecember1931,aJointAPI-ASMECommitteewasformedtodevelopanunfiredpressurevesselcodeforthepetroleumindustry.Thefirsteditionwasissuedin1934.Forthenest17years,twoseparatedunfiredpressurevesselcodesexisted.In1951,thelastAPI-ASMECodewasissuedasaseparateddocument.In1952,thetwocodeswereconsolidatedintoonecode----theASMEUnfiredPressureVesselCode,SectionⅧ.Thiscontinueduntilthe1968edition.Atthattime,theoriginalcodebecameSectionⅧ,Division1,PressureVessels,andanothernewpartwasissued,whichwasSectionⅧ,Division2,AlternativeRulesforPressureVessels.④TheANSI/ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeisissuedbytheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineerswithapprovalbytheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)asanANSI/ASMEdocument.OneormoresectionsoftheANSI/ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodehavebeenestablishedasthelegalrequirementsin47statesintheUnitedStatedandinallprovincesofCanada.Also,inmanyothercountriesoftheworld,theASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeisusedtoconstructboilersandpressurevessels.⑤OrganizationoftheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeTheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeisdividedintomanysections,divisions,parts,andsubparts.Someofthesesectionsrelatetoaspecifickindofequipmentandapplication;othersrelatetospecificmaterialsandmethodsforapplicationandcontrolofequipment;andothersrelatetocareandinspectionofinstalledequipment.ThefollowingSectionsspecificallyrelatetoboilerandpressurevesseldesignandconstruction.SectionⅠPowerBoilers(1volume)SectionⅢDivision1NuclearPowerPlantComponents(7volumes)Division2ConcreteReactorVesselsandContainment(1volume)CodeCaseCase1ComponentsinElevatedTemperatureservice(inNuclearCodeN-47Casebook)SectionⅣHeatingBoilers(1volume)SectionⅧDivision1PressureVessels(1volume)Division2AlternativeRulesforPressureVessels(1volume)SectionⅩFiberglass-ReinforcedPlasticPressureVessels(1volume)⑥AneweditionoftheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeisissuedonJuly1everythreeyearsandnewaddendaareissuedeverysixmonthsonJanuary1andJuly1.Theneweditionofthecodebecomesmandatorywhenitappears.Theaddendaarepermissiveatthedateofissuanceandbecomemandatorysixmonthsafterthatdate.⑦WorldwidePressureVesselCodesInadditiontotheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,whichisusedworldwide,manyotherpressurevesselcodeshavebeenlegallyadoptedinvariouscountries.Difficultyoftenoccurswhenvesselsaredesignedinonecountry,builtinanothercountry,andinstalledinstilladifferentcountry.Withthisworldwideconstructionthisisoftenthecase.⑧Thefollowinglistisapartialsummaryofsomeofthevariouscodesusedindifferentcountries:AustraliaAustralianCodeforBoilersandPressureVessels,SAABoilerCode(SeriesAS1200):AS1210,UnfiredPressureVesselsandClass1H,PressureVesselsofAdvancedDesignandConstruction,StandardsAssociationofAustralia.FranceConstructionCodeCalculationRulesforUnfiredPressureVessels,SyndicatNationaldelaChaudronnerieetdelaTuyauterieIndustrielle(SNCT),Paris,France.UnitedKingdomBritishCodeBS.5500,BritishStandardsInstitution,London,England.JapanJapanesePressureVesselCode,MinistryofLabour,publishedbyJapanBoilerAssociation,Tokyo,Japan;JapaneseStandard,ConstructionofPressureVessels,JISB8243,publishedbytheJapanStandardsAssociation,Tokyo,Japan;JapaneseHighPressureGasControlLaw,MinistryofInternationalTradeandIndustry,publishedbyTheInstitutionforSafetyofHighPressureGasEngineering,Tokyo,Japan.ItalyItalianPressureVesselCode,NationalAssociationforCombustionControl(ANNCC),Milan,Italy.BelgiumCodeforGoodPracticefortheConstructionofPressureVessels,BelgianStandardInstitute(IBN),Brussels,Belgium.SwedenSwedishPressureVesselCode,Tryckkarlskommissioner,theSwedishPressureVesselCommission,Stockholm,Sweden.压力容器准则①美国的压力容器规范历史在