ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·

©2005PrenticeHall3-1Chapter3TheGlobalTradeEnvironment:RegionalMarketCharacteristicsandPreferentialTradeAgreementsPowerPointbyKristopherBlanchardNorthCentralUniversity©2005PrenticeHall3-2GATTGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade–treatyamongnationstopromotetradeamongmembers•Handledtradedisputes•Lackedenforcementpower•ReplacedbyWorldTradeOrganizationin1995©2005PrenticeHall3-3TheWorldTradeOrganizationProvidesforumfortrade-relatednegotiationsamong141members–basedinGeneva–servesasdisputemediators–empoweredwithabilitytoenforcerulingsCountriesfoundinviolationofWTOrulesareexpectedtochangepoliciesorelsefacesanctions©2005PrenticeHall3-4RecentWTOCases©2005PrenticeHall3-5PreferentialTradeAgreementsManycountriesseektolowerbarrierstotradewithintheirregions–FreeTradeAreas–CustomsUnions–CommonMarket–EconomicUnions©2005PrenticeHall3-6NorthAmericaCanada,UnitedStates,MexicoNAFTAestablishedfreetradearea–allthreenationspledgetopromoteeconomicgrowththroughtariffreductionsandexpandedtradeandinvestment–nocommonexternaltariffs–restrictionsonlaborandothermovementsremain©2005PrenticeHall3-7NAFTAIncomeandPopulation©2005PrenticeHall3-8LatinAmericaCaribbean,Central,andSouthAmerica4preferentialtradeagreementsinplace–CentralAmericanIntegrationSystem–AndeanCommunity–CommonMarketoftheSouth–CaribbeanCommunityandCommonMarket©2005PrenticeHall3-9AndeanCommunityBolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,Peru,VenezuelaCustomsunion–Agreementabolishedforeignexchange,financialandfiscalincentives,andexportsubsidies–Commonexternaltariffswereestablished©2005PrenticeHall3-10CommonMarketoftheSouth(Mercosur)Argentina,Brazil,Paraguay,UruguayCustomsunion,seekstobecomecommonmarket–internaltariffseliminated–commonexternaltariffsupto20%established–intime,factorsofproductionwillmovefreelythroughmembercountriesChileandBolivia-–associatemembers–participationinfreetradeareabutnotcustomsunion©2005PrenticeHall3-11CaribbeanCommunityandCommonMarket(CARICOM)Antigua,Barbuda,Bahamas,Barbados,Belize,Dominica,Grenada,Guyana,Haiti,Jamaica,Montserrat,St.Kitts,St.Lucia,St.Vincent,theGrenadines,Trinidad,TobagoReplacedCaribbeanFreeTradeAssociationAgreedtoestablisheconomicunionwithcommoncurrencyin1998©2005PrenticeHall3-12Asia-PacificIncludes23countriesand56%ofworldpopulation–Japan–Newlyindustrializingeconomies–AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations©2005PrenticeHall3-13JapanGenerates14%ofworld’sGNPKeyfactors–populationdensity–geographicisolationRecenteconomicstrugglesdespitestatusashighincomecountryStrongculturerequiresflexibilityandcommitmentfromglobalmarketers©2005PrenticeHall3-14NewlyIndustrializingEconomies(NIEs)Strongeconomicgrowthinrecentdecades–foreigninvestment–export-drivenindustrialdevelopmentSometimescalledthe4TigersofAsia–SouthKorea–Taiwan–Singapore–HongKong©2005PrenticeHall3-15AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,Vietnam,Cambodia,Laos,BurmaGoaltoimplementafreetradeareaby2003–Tariffsof20+%willbereducedto0-5%SingaporerepresentsgreatsuccessamongASEANnations©2005PrenticeHall3-16EuropeEuropeanUnionEuropeanFreeTradeAreaEuropeanEconomicAreaTheLomeConventionCentralEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation(CEFTA)©2005PrenticeHall3-17EuropeanUnionInitiallybeganwiththe1958TreatyofRomeObjectivetoharmonizenationallawsandregulationssothatgoods,services,peopleandmoneycouldflowfreelyacrossnationalboundaries1991MaastrichtTreatysetstagefortransitiontoaneconomicunionwithacentralbankandsinglecurrency(theEuro)©2005PrenticeHall3-18EuropeanFreeTradeAreaandtheEuropeanEconomicAreaAustria,Finland,Sweden,Norway,Iceland,Liechtenstein,SwitzerlandFreetradeareaMembers(excludingSwitzerland)chosetoestablishEuropeanEconomicArea(EEA)–Non-EUmembersoftheEEAareexpectedtoadoptEUguidelinesNorway,Iceland,Liechtenstein,andSwitzerlandmaintainfreetradeagreementswithothercountriesaswell©2005PrenticeHall3-19TheLomeConventionAnaccordbetweenEUand71countriesinAfrica,Caribbean,andthePacificPromotestradeandprovidespoorcountrieswithfinancialassistancefromaEuropeanDevelopmentFundCurrentlyworkingtoestablishasuccessoragreement©2005PrenticeHall3-20CentralEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation(CEFTA)Hungary,Poland,CzechoslovakiaAllowsforcooperationinmanyareasincluding:–infrastructureandtelecommunications–sub-regionalprojects–inter-enterprisecooperation–tourismandretailtrade©2005PrenticeHall3-21TheMiddleEastAfghanistan,Cyprus,Bahrain,Egypt,Iran,Iraq,Israel,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Oman,Qatar,SaudiArabia,Syria,theUnitedArabEmirates,Yemen–PrimarilyArab,somePersianandJews–95%Muslim3keyregionalorganizations–GulfCooperationCouncil–ArabMaghrebUnion–ArabCooperationCouncil©2005PrenticeHall3-22Africa53nationsoverthreedistinctareas–RepublicofSouthAfrica–NorthAfrica–BlackAfricaRegionalagreements–EconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates–EastAfricanCooperation–SouthAfricanDevelopmentCommunity©2005PrenticeHall3-23EconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates(ECOWAS)Benin,BurkinaFaso,CapeVerde,TheGambia,Ghana,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,IvoryCoast,Liberia,Mali,Mauritania,Niger,Nigeria,Senegal,SierraLeone,TogoFreetradeareawithunifiedmonetaryzone©2005P