环境营销

1(JagdishN.Sheth)(AtulParvatiyar)41.1()R(redir-ectionofcustomerneeds)(reconsumption)(reorientationofmarketingmix)(reorganization)1-11-1()()1990101989198520(Davis1992)19901991207070(Cravens,1974;Fisk,1973,1974,1975;Henion,1976;Kangun,1974;Perry,1976;Shapiro,1978)701.2(Chandler,1990)15250600700150(MacNeillWinesmiusandYakushiji,1991)(Smith,1992)40(Smith,1992)901504/51950(WCED,1987)61.3(Kinsey,1982Rileyetal.,1983Dholakia,1984Carter,1986Kotler,1986)(Kotler,1988)()17-(CracoandRostenne,1971)-()3M(DowChemical)(AT&T)(BMW)(Smith,1992)1.4819-(Schmidheiny,1992)1-21.4.1102580AEG(Cairncross,1992)901.4.21111.4.3(Wal-Mart)(Kmart)(Safeway)(Coddington,1990)()121.4.4•••1131.5(Cairncross,1992)14()1.5.1()()(TheStanleyFoundation,1989)1151.5.21.5.3()16()1.5.4117--(GroHarlemBrundtland)(WCED,1987)(NASA)1.6()18119202(MorganMiles)(LindaS.Munilla)24902.190906080(Hentze1991)(Polonsky1991)(khandwalla1977;Foxall,1984Smith,ArnaldandBizzell1988CovinandSlevin1989)(Munilla,1990)(SchwartzandMiller1991)Roper782.22.2.1(Peterson,1989)(1)(2)(3)(khandwalla1977)(Borch,1957)(Kotler1988)(Foxall1984)225(DeshpandeandWebster,1989)(Glick1985)(1989)2-12-1(Pettigrew1979)(1985)(1976/77)(1965)(1972)(1988)26(1957)2.2.2(McCarthyandPerreault1984)(1)(2)(3)(Ginsberg1985)(CravensHillsandWoodruff1987)(1989)(ZikmundandDAmico1986)(Ansoff1965)(KotlerandLevy,1969KotlerandZaltman,1971Kotler,1972Hunt,1976CrosbyGillandTaylor1981MarketingNews1985HoustonandGassenheimer1987)2271989(1991)(1985)(1)(2)(3)(Keith1959;King1965;CravensHillsandWoodrull1987)(1988)(1984)(Keith1959King1965McCarthyandPerreault1984Kotler1988Peterson1989)(Kotler1973)(1)(2)(3)2.328(1984)(Grosby,GillandTaylor,1981)Roper(SchwartzandMiller1991)(1988)(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(McNamara1972)(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(1)22930(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(Silver,1990)2-22.4(Varadarajan,1992)(Coddington,1990)1.2.3.4.5.6.7.400231362.8(Eisenhart,1990)90322-32-32.590233342353D.(RobertD.Mackoy)(RogerCalantone)(CorneliaDrÖge)(1991)(greenmarketing)(demarketing)(societalissuesmarketing)3.1199275()383.23.2.1(Valdez)(Barnard,1990)(VanLiereDunlap,1982)(1986)3.2.2(FoxandLears,1983Galbraith,1958Horowitz,1985Mason,1984McKenrick,BrewerandPlumb,1982RassuliandHollander,3391986)(1)(2)(3)3.3(Schudson,1991)(Critiques)(Critics)()3.3.1(Puritan)(1991)40(Quaker)(Eliade,1963)(Thoreau,1984)(Muir,1954)(Leopold,1966)(Brower,1964)18193.3.2(1991)(Siebert,1981)341()(Kleiner,1991)()(Lovins,1976)(Schumacher,1973)(SmallIsBeautiful)--423.3.3(Republican)3.3.4(Marxist)()343(NIMBY)(Siler,1991)(Bidwai,1992)(OldBakerandWalker,1992)3.3.5(Aristocrat)443.3.6(TheSystemsPerspective)(WroeAlderson)C.(C.WestChurchman)(1964)(p.107)(1961)(LimitsofGrowth)(Meadowsetal.,1972)3453.3.73.43.4.1(1)(2)(1957)463.4.2(1968)3.4.3(Meadowsetal.,1972)347(Hardin,1968)(Davis,1992)(A&CEnercometal.,1990)(Mobil)(GreenCross)(GreenSeal)(earth-friendlynature)3.5483-1(KotlerandLevy,1971)3-13-1349()80()()(3-1)()()()(societalissuesmarketing)(socialmarketing)(KotlerandZaltman,1971)50(3-1)3-1(compatibility)(effectiveness)(SterngoldandKotler1979196~197)223-23513-2523.6--353543554M(M.BillNeace)4.1(ArthurDehonLittle1905)()58504.2500(Jones,1970Royston,1979)()(Royston,1979)(18)(1417)(Bacon)(Locke)(Descartes)459(AdamSmith)(Cartesian)(Royston,1979)(Durkheim)(Weber)1920(Redcliff,1987)1920(Boulding,1966)4-1(Richards,1986)604-14.31819(1798)(1859)(Berry,1988Boulding,1966Hardin,1968Odum,1971)(RachelCarson)(1962)461()40(Repetto,1985Boulding,1966Young,1991)1.(BolinandCook,1983)(Redcliff,1987)(Brown,1991Odum,1971)622.(Hardin,1968)3.(Meyers,1979Redcliff,1987)4.(Brown,1991)(Redcliff,1987)4-2102080(1)(2)(3)463(Brown,1991Clark,1986)4-264(/)()4.44-34-44-3(noosphere)4-3(Southwick,1985Woodel,1985)11465Berry1988(Berry,1988Christensen,1984Repetto,1985Southwick,1985)4-4(TeilarddeChardin,1959)15045(Berry,1988Lovelock,1979)66Berry(1988),Brown(1991),Neace(1991)(Woodel,1985)4.5(ClarkandMunn,1986Repetto,1985Royston,1979)(1)(2)(Kleiner,1991Porter,1991)467(Boulding,1966)(4-5)(Berry,1988)4-5()()(BerkesandFolke,1992Neace,19911987)(Norgard,1985)(linkage)(synthesis)(68)(BerkesandFolke,1992)4694-51.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.NGO1,2,34,5,67,81,2,34,5,67,85,67,85,67,87,84.64-5(Gladwin,1992)()4-5()(EPA)1990261993243(EPA,1993)(23)(EPA,1993)3M703M70(3700)3M(Royston1979Schmidheiny,1992)(Gladwin,1992)-(Schmidheiny,1992Smith,1992)(LCA)(BlumenfeldEarleandShopley,1991)D.471(BlumenfeldEarleandShopley,1991)(Weber,1990)()(GreenoMcLeanandAnneghofer,1990)()72(Henkel)(Schmidheiny,1992)(Gladwin,1992)(Neace,1991)(Kleiner,1991Porter,1991)CG3M47374475765(GregoryM.Pickett)(NormanKangun)(StephenJ.Grove)805.1(Jay,1990)90(Kirkpatrick,1990)(Hayes,1990)5(Langone,1989)(Ehrlich,1970Kleiner,1991)()5.22070(AndersonandCunningham,1971AndersonHenionandCox,1974Kassarjian,1971KinnearTayerandAhmad,1974)7080(Webster,1975Antil,1984Balderjahn,1988)(Buttel,1987VanLiereandDunlap,1981)(HinesHungerfordandTomera,1987)(MaloneyWardandBraucht,1975Arbuthnot,1977)(AndersonandCuningham,1972AndersonHenionandCox1974Arbuthno,1977Balderjahn,1988)(Balderjahn,1988MaloneyWardandBraucht,1975)(Antil,1984Arbuthnot,1977Hines