“瞬间动词(也叫‘短暂动词’)”-和-“延续性动词”

“瞬间动词(也叫‘短暂动词’)”和“延续性动词”1、瞬间动词：从“开始发生”到“结束/终止”：几乎同时或在极短的时间里（如‘几秒钟/几分钟内’）就完成了“开始—结束”的过程，如“Closethedoor”,“Openthedoor”有些瞬间动词的“开始—结束的过程”可能稍微长一些，但也不会很长的，如,“buysth（买下）”：付了款、拿了发票即完成了。所以，“我买了这块手表5年了”，在汉语中说的通，但英语的表达就不能说：Ihaveboughtthewatchforfiveyears.buysth----havesth(拥有)---have/has+hadsthfor…A:Ihavehadthewatchfor5years.B:Itis(hasbeen)fiveyearssinceIboughtthewatch.C:Iboughtit5yearsago.同理，“borrowsth”“借书”在办理了相关的‘登记’手续后就结束了，不可能“借”几个星期或好几年的！汉语“这本书我已经借用了2星期了。”的意思是：“我两周前（borrowedit），（在归还前）现在它还在我手里（IstillhaveitorI’mstillreadingit.）RightorWrong?A:Ihaveborrowedthebookfortwoweeks.B:Ihavehad/keptitfortwoweeks.C:It’s2weekssinceIborrowedit.D:Iborrowedit2weeksago.(Wrong)(Right)(Right)(Right)瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如可说“Hehasleft.”但不能说“Hehasleftforthreeyears.”如果要表达“他已走了三年了”可用以下几种表达法：一、用ago,使用一般过去时。Heleftherethreeyearsago.二、用“Itis+一段时间＋since＋一般过去时从句”Itisthreeyearssincehelefthere.三、用“一段时间＋have/haspassed+since+一般过去时从句”Threeyearshavepassedsincehelefthere.以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。另外，还可用其它表示方法，但只适用于部分瞬间动词。具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表延续的动词或者表状态的be+名词／形容词或副词／介词短语等。1.直接转化成延续性动词buycatch(get)acoldborrow/lendcome/go/becomehavehaveacoldkeepbeputonweare.g.这本书我买了三个月了。Ihaveboughtthisbookforthreemonths.xhad__________√2.转换成be+名词/介词短语jointhearmyjointhePartygotoschoolbeasoldierbeaPartymemberbeastudent3转换成be+形容词或副词diefinishbegin/startleavefallasleep/illcloseopenbedeadbeoverbeonbeawayfrom(地点)beasleep/illbeclosedbeopengooutbeoutgetupbeupe.g.他去世五年了。Hehasdiedforfiveyears.beendead_____x／beinschool/beinthearmy/beinthePartyarrive/come/reachbein/at+地点staye.g.他自从1985就参军了。Hehasbeenasoldiersince1985.Hehasbeeninthearmysince1985.①.我们买这本书三年了.Wehavehadthebookforthreeyears.②他感冒三天了.Hehashadacoldforthreedays.Weboughtthebookthreeyearsago.Hecaughtacoldthreedaysago.一般过去时态和现在完成时态可以构成同义句③自从上星期以来,我就借了这本书.Ihavekeptthebooksincelastweek.④我成为一个学生两年多了.Ihavebeenastudentforovertwoyears.Iborrowedthebooklastweek.Ibecameastudenttwoyearsago.⑤MrBlack死了三年了。MrBlackhasbeendeadforthreeyears.MrBlackdiedthreeyearsago.⑥小明参军半年了。XiaoMinghasbeenasoldierforhalfayear.XiaoMingjoinedthearmyhalfayearago.⑦我们上了8年学了。Wehavebeenstudentsforeightyears.⑧下课10分钟了Theclasshasbeenoverfortenminutes.9.电影开始了一小时了Thefilmhasbeenonforanhour.10.门打开半小时了Thedoorhasbeenopenforhalfanhour.Practice:瞬间动词和延续性动词、状态句型转化练习（1）：1、你来晚了，电影已放了10分钟了。A:Youarelate.Thefilmfor10minutes.B:Youarelate.Ittenminutessincethefilm.C:Youarelate.Thefilm10minutes.2、我叔叔当兵已经有2年了。A:Myunclethearmyfor2years.B:It2yearsmyunclejoinedthearmy.C:Myunclethearmy2yearsago.3、Linda已经感冒4、5天了。A:Lindaacold4to5days.B:It4to5dayssinceLindaacoldC:Lindaacold4or5days.hasbeenonisbegan/startedbegan/startedhasbeeninissincejoinedhashadforiscaughtcaughtagoagoPractice:瞬间动词和延续性动词、状态句型转化练习（2）：4、他爷爷去世已经有5年了。A:Hisgrandpafor5years.B:It5yearssincehisgrandpa.C:Hisgrandpa5years.5、你来晚了，火车已经开走了20分种了。A:You’relate.Thetrainfor20minutes.B:It20minutessincethetrain.C:Thetrain20minutes.6、他们到深圳已经有3年多了。A:TheyShenzhenforover3years.B:Itover3yearssincetheyShenzhen.C:TheyShenzhenover3years.hasbeendeadisdieddiedagohasbeenawayisleftleftagohavebeen/stayedinisarrivedingotto/reachedarrivedingotto/reachedago区分短暂性动词与持续性动词.表示短暂性(瞬间性)的动词在现在完成时的句中不能和一段时间连用.即for,since短语或howlong问句.以动词go为例，go是动词原形，goes是单数第三人称形式，went是过去式,going是现在分词，而gone则是它的过去分词。规则动词的过去分词workvisitaskplaystayworkedvisitedaskedplayedstayedlikedlivedmovedlikelivemovecarriedworriedtriedcriedcarryworrytrycrystopdroprobplanpreferstoppeddroppedrobbedplannedpreferred三式相同不规则动词的过去分词costcuthithurtsetputshutreadlet一、AAA型原形、过去式和过去分词同形：bringbuythinkteachcatchbuildbroughtboughtthoughttaughtcaughtbuiltbroughtboughtthoughttaughtcaughtbuiltfeelleavetellsellsaylayfindgethavefeltlefttoldsoldsaidlaidfoundgothadfeltlefttoldsoldsaidlaidfoundgothad二、ABB型过去式和过去分词同形：hearheardheardholdheldheldkeepkeptkept※learnlearntlearntlendlentlentmakemademademeetmetmetpaypaidpaidsendsentsentsitsatsatsleepsleptslept※smellsmeltsmelt二、ABB型过去式和过去分词同形：spendspentspentstandstoodstoodunderstandunderstoodunderstood二、ABB型过去式和过去分词同形：beginfallflyforgettakewearwritebebreakdocomebecomeruncamebecamerancomebecomerunbeganfellflewforgottookworewrotewas/werebrokedidbegunfallenflownforgottentakenwornwrittenbeenbrokendone四、ABC型原形、过去式和过去分词各异三、ABA型原形与过去分词同形四、ABC型原形、过去式和过去分词各异drawdrewdrawndrinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedriveneatateeatengivegavegivengowentgonegrowgrewgrownknowknewknownlielaylainrideroderiddenringrangrungseesawseenshowshowedshownsingsangsungspeakspokespokenswimswamswum四、ABC型原形、过去式和过去分词各异taketooktakenthrowthrewthrownwakewokewoken五、AAB型原形与过去式同形beatbeatbeatenlie/lied/lied说谎lie/lay/lain躺下，位于，平放lay/laid/laid放置；下蛋一看时间状语。如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能用一般过去时。如：Ihavevisitedthefactory.Ivisitedthefactorylastyear.二看句首有无疑问词。如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗（句首无疑问词），常用现在完成时；但进一步询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事时（句首有疑问词）就要用一般过去时。如：－Haveyouhadyourbreakfast?－Yes,Ihave.－Whendidyouhaveit?－Atseventhirty.1.现在完成时可和疑问词where,why,how等连用，但不能和when/whattime连用WhyhaveyouturnedofftheTV?（你为什么关掉电视？）你什么时间关上的？XWhenhaveyouturnedofftheTV?WhendidyouturnofftheTV?√2.终止性动词的现在完成时否定式已成为一种可延续性状态,因此可以和表一段时间的时间状语连用.e.g.自从1985年,他就没离开过这.Hehasn’tleftheresince1985.三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词。如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，