part-2-文艺复兴和16世纪英国文学

PartIIThe16thcenturyCarrieWuRenaissanceinEnglandGreatwritersinthisperiod1.EdmundSpenserandhis“TheFaerieQueene”2.ChristopherMarlowe3.WilliamShakespeareObjectivesKnowwhytheRenaissancehappenedKnowwhattheRenaissanceisThefeaturesoftheRenaissanceGreatliteraryfiguresinthisperiodChapter1TheRenaissanceinEngland(1485—1660)BackgroundTheBackground:thesocietywasinitstransitionfromthefeudalismtocapitalism.1.Warofroses(1455-1485)2.Land-enclosuremovement3.Religiousreformation4.TheageofElizabeth5.ThewarwithSpainI.TheHistoricalBackgroundofEnglishRenaissanceGenerallyspeaking,the16thcenturyinEnglandwitnessedtheestablishmentofanabsolutemonarchy,whichinspiredEnglishpeople’swishesforapeacefulandpowerfulcountry.Therisingmiddleclasssupportedthemonarchy,whichweakenedfeudalrelationsandpavedthewayforthedevelopmentofcapitalism.ThenationalstrengtheningofEnglandexperiencedthefollowingstages:WarofrosesThecivilwars,suchastheWaroftheRoses(1455-1458),killedofflargenumbersoffeudalnoblemeninEngland,andweakenedthefeudalpower.SoitbecameeasierforHenryVII(1485-1509)andHenryVIII(1509-1547)tocentralizepoliticalpowerandlaythefoundationsforastrongmonarchy.ReformationofthechurchReformation:HenryVIIIbrokeoffwiththeRomanPope,dissolvedallthemonasteriesandabbeysinthecountry,confiscatedtheirlandsandproclaimedhimselfheadoftheChurchofEngland.Thekingbecamethesupremeheadofboththechurchandthecountry.Soabsolutemonarchy.TheElizabethanAgeTheElizabethanAge(1558-1603):EnglandenjoyedpeacefuldevelopmentundertheruleofQueenElizabethI,whomaintainedabalancebetweentheProtestantsandtheCatholics.QueenElizabeth(1533-1603,1558-1603inreign)TheWarwithSpain:In1588,EnglishnavydefeatedtheSpanishArmada,whichacceleratedtheawakeningEnglishpeople’snationalconsciousness.ThedefeatoftheSpanishArmadabytheEnglishnavyin1588TheRenaissanceMichelangelo(1475-1564)David1501-1504Questions1.WhichcountrywastheRenaissanceoriginatedfrom?2.WhatthedefinitionoftheRenaissance?3.WhatisthekeynoteoftheRenaissance?4.WhatarethefeaturesoftheRenaissance?II.TheRenaissance:TheRenaissance(“rebirth”inFrench)wasaculturalandintellecturalmovementthatspannedroughlythe14ththroughthe17century,beginninginItalyandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.Renaissanceisconsideredasthegreatfloweringofart,architecture,politics,andthestudyofliterature,andisalsousuallyseenastheendoftheMiddleAgesandthebeginningofthemodernworld.ItrevivedthestudyofRomanandGreekclassics,andmarkedthebeginningofthebourgeoisrevolution.ThekeynoteoftheRenaissanceishumanism.RenaissanceHumanismisthespiritoflearningthatdevelopedattheendofthemiddleageswiththerevivalofclassicsandarenewedconfidenceintheabilityofhumanbeingstodetermineforthemselvestruthandfalsehood.Humanism:TheidealofRenaissanceishumanism,whichemphasizedthewelfareofhumanbeings.Accordingtohumanistscholars,itwasagainsthumannaturetosacrificethehappinessofthislifeforanafterlife.Theyarguedthatmanshouldbegivenfullfreedomtoenrichtheirintellectualandemotionallife.Inreligiontheydemandedthereformationofthechurch.Inartandliterature,insteadofsingingpraisetoGod,theysanginpraiseofmanandofthepursuitofhappinessinthislife.Humanismshatteredtheshacklesofspiritualbondageofman’smindbytheRomanCatholicChurchandopenedhiseyesto“abravenewworld”infrontofhim.SummaryIntheageoftheRenaissance,theologywaslosingitscontroloverphilosophy,thearts,andpoliticalandhistoricalthinking.Consciousnessofindividualityismostgraphicallydisplayedinliteratureandthefinearts.III.StagesofE.RenaissanceEnglishRenaissanceisusuallydividedintothreeperiods:1)ThefirstperiodcalledthebeginningoftheRenaissancestartedin1516andcametoanendin1578.2)ThesecondperiodknownasthefloweringtimeoftheRenaissancewasfrom1578to1625.3)Thethirdperiodbetween1625and1660isthedeclineoftheRenaissance.Inthesecondperiod,QueenElizabethruledthecountry.ForthisreasonitisalsocalledElizabethanPeriod.WilliamShakespeare,thegreatestplaywrightofEngland,livedintheElizabethanPeriod.SointhehistoryofEnglishliterature,thisperiodisoftenreferredastheAgeofWilliamShakespeare.IV.TheWritersoftheEnglishRenaissanceThekeyliteraryfiguresintheEnglishRenaissancearenowgenerallyconsideredtobethepoetEdmundSpenser;thephilosopherFrancisBacon;thepoetsandplaywrightsChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeareandBenJonson.GreatliteraryfiguresForerunners’contributionThomasWyattintroducedtheItalian(orPetrarchan)SonnetintoEngland.HenryHoward,EarlofSurreyintroducedtheblankverseintoEnglishpoetry,andcontinuepracticingSonnet,theninventedtheEnglishSonnet.（orShakespearian）SonnetAfourteen-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameter,whichgenerallyexpressesasinglethemeoridea.Sonnetsvaryinstructureandrhymeschemes.Italian(orPetrarchan)Sonnet,TheSpenserianSonnet,English（orShakespearian）SonnetThepoet’spoet1552-1599LondonEducation:bachelorofartsdegreein1572andmasterofartsdegreein1576inCambridgeUniversityfor7years,(coverexpense,readingclassics,makefriends)Workingexperience:1576:leftCambridge,serveEnglishnoblemen1579:TheShepheardsCalendar1580:beappointedtoserveLordinIreland1598:Irishrebellionbrokeout,escapetoL