高一英语语法一.直接引语和间接引语(一)直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语;用自己话转述别人的话,叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内,间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时,除将引语部分变成宾语从句外,还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。1.时态的变化:直接引语变为间接引语时,通常受转述动词said,asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态,即把原来的时态向过去推,也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变为过去进行时,等等。例如:Tomsaidtome,“Mybrotherisdoinghishomework.”→Tomsaidtomethathisbrotherwasdoinghishomework.2.人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化:根据意义进行相应的变化,例如:SheaskedJack,“Wherehaveyoubeen?”→SheaskedJackwherehehadbeen.Hesaid,“Thesebooksaremine.”→Hesaidthatthosebookswerehis.(二)直接引语改为间接引语时,都使用陈述语序,但是因为原句的句式不同,所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句,用连接词whether或if;如果是特殊疑问句,则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用asked,可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me,him,her,us等。如:Shesaid,“Isyourfatherathome?”→Sheaskedmeif/whethermyfatherwasathome.“WhatdoyoudoeverySunday?”Myfriendaskedme.→MyfriendaskedmewhatIdideverySunday.直接引语如果是祈使句,改为间接引语时,要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式,并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气(即请求或命令)加上ask,tell,order等动词,如果祈使句为否定式,则在不定式前加not。其句型为:ask/tell/ordersomeone(not)todosomething.例如:Shesaidtous,“Pleasesitdown.”→Sheaskedustositdown.Hesaidtohim,“Goaway!”→Heorderedhimtogoaway.Hesaid,“Don’tmakesomuchnoise,boys.”→Hetoldtheboysnottomakesomuchnoise.二.各种时态的被动语态被动语态概述被动语态的概念:它是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,例如:Theysawthelittleboycryingbytheriver.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者,例如:Thelittleboywasseencryingbytheriver.被动语态的构成被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下:1.一般现在时am/is/are+过去分词例如:RiceisplantedinthesouthofChina.2.一般过去时was/were+过去分词例如:Thesetreeswereplantedtheyearbeforelast.3.一般将来时will/shall+be+过去分词例如:Asportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweekinourschool.4.现在进行时am/is/are+being+过去分词例如:Yourradioisbeingrepairednow.5.过去进行时was/were+being+过去分词Whenhegotthere,theproblemwasbeingdiscussed.6.现在完成时have/has+been+过去分词Hisworkhasbeenfinished.Hashisworkbeenfinished?Yes,ithas./No,ithasn’t.7.过去完成时had+been+过去分词注意:1.除了be之外的其它系动词如get,stay等也可以和过去分词构成被动语态。例如:Theirquestionshaven’tgotanswered.2.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词+be+过去分词”结构。例如:Moreattentionshouldbepaidtotheoldinthiscountry.Thisworkcan’tbedoneuntilMr.Blackcomes.3.含有“begoingto”,“beto”等结构的谓语,其被动语态分别用“begoingto+be+过去分词”和“beto+be+过去分词”。例如:Theproblemisgoingtobediscussedatthenextmeeting.Allthesebooksaretobetakentothelibrary.4.被动语态与系表结构的区别:“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”构成的系表结构,与被动语态的形式完全一样,所以应注意它们的区别。被动语态中的过去分词是动词,多强调动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,多强调状态。前者通常可用by引出动作的执行者,而后者则不可以。例如:Themapwaschangedbysomeone.(被动结构)Thatcustomremainedunchangedformanycenturies.(系表结构)系表结构中的过去分词通常可被very修饰,被动语态中的过去分词往往要用much修饰。例如:Hewasveryexcited.(系表结构)Hewasmuchexcitedbyherwords.(被动结构)5.主动形式表被动意义。有些动词的主动形式有被动意味,如open,read,sell,shut,wash,wear,write等。此时句子的主语一般是物。例如:Thesebookssellwell.这些书很畅销。Thedoorwon’tshut.这门关不上。Theclotheswashwell.这些衣服很好洗。语法练习1.Nopermissionhas___foranybodytoenterthebuilding.A.beengivenB.givenC.togiveD.begiving2.I___tenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.A.gaveB.wasgivenC.wasgivingD.hadgiven3.Thepolicefoundthatthehouse___andalotofthings___.A.hasbrokeninto;hasbeenstolenB.hadbrokeninto;hadbeenstolenC.hasbeenbrokeninto;stolenD.hadbeenbrokeninto;stolen4.—Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?—Notyet,therooms___.A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpainting5.AswejoinedthebigcrowdIgot___frommyfriends.A.separatedB.sparedC.lostD.missed6.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget___bythehour.A.payB.payingC.paidD.topay7.Greatchanges___inthecity,andalotoffactories___.A.havebeentakenplace,havebeensetupB.havetakenplace,havebeensetupC.havetakenplace,havesetupD.weretakenplace,weresetup8.Thesuit’sfinished,___it?A.doesn’tB.isn’tC.hasn’tD.has9.Thesurfaceofthetable___smoothenough.A.doesn’tfeelB.hasn’tfeltC.isn’tfeelingD.isn’tfelt10.Suchplantsnever___inthispartoftheworld.A.havegrownB.aregrowingC.growD.aregrown11.Thesekindsofshoes___well.A.werenotsoldB.won’tbesoldC.arenotsoldD.don’tsell12.Textbooks___tocomeintime.A.requireB.requiredC.arerequiredD.arerequiring13.Whenthespeakerenteredthehall,allthelisteners___.A.hadseatedB.wereseatedC.seatedD.wereseating14.Don’tgetthatinkonyourshirt,forit___.A.won’twashoutB.won’tbewashingC.isn’twashingoutD.doesn’twashout15.Tom___toworkintheofficethoughhedidn’tlikeservingthere.A.wantedB.waswantedC.waswantingD.hadwanted16.Hesaidhewouldn’tmind___athome.A.leavingaloneB.beingleftaloneC.tobeleftlonelyD.toleavealone17.Tomwassaidto___Maryfor40years.A.havebeenmarriedtoB.havemarriedwithC.hasbeenmarriedD.hadmarriedwith18.TheTVplay___lastnight.A.wastiredoutmeB.tiredoutmeC.wastiredmeoutD.tiredmeout19.Iremember___forthejob,butIforgettheexactamount.A.tobepaidB.beingpaidC.topayD.paying20.Infrontofthehallcolorflagswere___.A.hungedB.hangedC.hangD.hanging语法练习答案:1-10:ABDAACBBAC11-20:DCBABBADBD高二上学期英语语法总结1.不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。2.用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。①当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如:Tobeobeyedwasnaturaltoher.她生性让别人听命于她。(作主语)Theproblemremainedtobesolved.这个问题还有待解决。(作表语)Itneedsnottobesaidthattheyareveryhappytogether.不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作宾语)Therewereplanstobemadeatonce.要立即制定计划。(作定语)Hehasreturnedonlytobesentawayagain.他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语)Thecaptainorderedtheflagtobehoisted.船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语)Thebookisintendedtobereadandnottobetorn.这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语)②在某些