劳工标准在建筑业中的运用

MakingLabourStandardsinconstructionoperational劳工标准在建筑业中的运用ContractualprocessesandcontractclausesRebeccaScottWEDC,LoughboroughUniversityStepsforimplementation实施步骤1.IdentifygapsIndicateswheretofocusattentionThenmoveto…2.Defineawayahead3.Implement4.Monitor5.InstitutionaliseIdentifyGaps确定差距ReviewcurrentnationallabourlawandpolicyReviewstandardcontractdocumentsRoleoftheContractAmechanismforimplementingandmonitoringapplicationofstandardsApplicationinfluencesareasof:legislation,technicalaspects,andmanagementContractclauses合同条款Contractclausespreventshort-cutsWithoutthem,practiceisunlikelytochangeExamplesofClausesconcerningLabourStandards:FIDICConditionsofContract,Parts1&2WorldBankstandarddocumentsDFIDclausesNationalconditions:e.g.Ghana,IndiaComparingClauses-1条款比较-1WageclausesFIDICPartIIClause34(i)coversminimumratesofwagesDFIDClauseAstates,inaddition,thatpaymentshouldbeincashGhanaCl34.5coversthedisplayingofnoticesinformingworkersoftheirentitlementsIndiaClMrequirestheContractortopaynotlessthanthatpaidforsimilarworkintheneighbourhoodClPmakes“fairwage”arequirementComparingClauses-2条款比较-2SanitationfacilitiesFIDICPartIIClause34(iv)requirestheContractortoprovidesanitationattheaccommodationprovidedforlabourersDFIDClDrequiresseparatearrangementsformenandwomenGhanaCl34.9requirestheContractortoprovideaspecifictypeoflatrineIndiaClNrequirestheContractortoprovide“sanitaryarrangements”attheirowncostGaps(cont.)差距ReviewcollectiveagreementsResearchtypicalsitepracticeDevelopabaselinesurvey,ifrequiredIssafetyequipmentbeingbothsuppliedandused?Arerecordsofemployment,wages,accidents,etc.beingkept?WhatistheContractorsattitudetounions?Returntothenextsteps…回到前面的步骤Defineawayahead–Agreerolesandresponsibilities–IdentifywhichLabourStandardstofocusonImplement–Consultation–Addressconcerns,capacity,costs–Reviewcontracts–EnsurecommunicationMonitor:forcompliance–Useofincentivesorsanctions?–MeasuretheimpactInstitutionalise–Documentation–Developresponsibilities–DevelopastrategyDeterminingcosts敲定成本DirectandindirectcostsExamples(fromGhana):1.Health&Safety:2-3%increase6.Recordkeeping2.Consultation7.Monitoringvisits3.Trainingmaterials8.Awarenessraising4.Trainingsessions9.Evaluatingimpacts5.Pre-bidbriefingforContractorsIndirect:LatepaymentsCostsofapplyingotherstandards(e.g.increasingwages)Whowillpay?-NeedstobediscussedandagreedStakeholders利益相关者Rangeofstakeholdersinvolved:–Government–(Inter)nationalfundingagencies–Companies:contractors,construction,NGOs–TradeUnions/workersrepresentatives–Research/academicunits,and–others…Importanceofeachone’sposition–Adherencetoconditions,standards,agreements•Companypolicies•Nationalorinternationalconventions,treaties,etc.–Impactofthebroader“environment”&interactions–Wheredoesresponsibilitylie?Makingoperational…实际运作ClausesexpressintentionsMovingfromwhattohowrequiresagreaterlevelofdetail–Useofdetailedspecifications–Enables:•implementation(theContractor),and•monitoring(theEmployer)Checklists:astartingpointHealthandsafetytobeassured…Clothing&equipment:WhatistobeprovidedResponsibilityforprocurement,payment,storage&useWagestobesufficient…Payrecords:MaintainingrecordsRatesofpayfornormaltimeandovertimeDates/timesatwhichwagespaidWorkinghourstoberegulated…Flexibility:WorkinghoursaccountingforseasonalchangesSomeexamples:Chinacontext中国的情况Reviewprocurementprocedures–Hasastronginfluenceonapproaches–Addressingthe“bigpicture”,whilethedetailisworkedonReviewcurrentcontractingproceduresandcomparewithsitepracticeIdentifygaps–Priorityareasandnextsteps