曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap-28

UnemploymentandItsNaturalRate失业与自然失业率Chapter28Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.CategoriesofUnemployment失业的分类Theproblemofunemploymentisusuallydividedintotwocategories.失业问题通常分为两类。Thelong-runproblemandtheshort-runproblem:长期问题与短期问题：Thenaturalrateofunemployment自然失业率Thecyclicalrateofunemployment周期性失业率Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.NaturalRateofUnemployment自然失业率Thenaturalrateofunemploymentisunemploymentthatdoesnotgoawayonitsowneveninthelongrun.自然失业率是在长期中不会自行消失的失业率。Itistheamountofunemploymentthattheeconomynormallyexperiences.它是经济中正常情况下存在的失业量。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.CyclicalUnemployment周期性失业率Cyclicalunemploymentreferstotheyear-to-yearfluctuationsinunemploymentarounditsnaturalrate.周期性失业率是指失业量围绕其自然失业率的逐年波动。Itisassociatedwithwithshort-termupsanddownsofthebusinesscycle.它与经济活动的短期上升和下降密切相关。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.DescribingUnemploymentThreeBasicQuestions:•Howdoesgovernmentmeasuretheeconomy’srateofunemployment?•Whatproblemsariseininterpretingtheunemploymentdata?•Howlongaretheunemployedtypicallywithoutwork?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.描述失业三个基本问题:政府如何衡量经济的失业率?在解释失业数据中产生了什么问题?一般情况下失业者没有工作的时间会有多长?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowisUnemploymentMeasured?如何衡量失业？UnemploymentismeasuredbytheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS).衡量失业是劳工统计局的工作。Itsurveys60,000randomlyselectedhouseholdseverymonth.它每月调查6万个随机挑选的家庭。ThesurveyiscalledtheCurrentPopulationSurvey.这种调查被称为现期人口调查。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowisUnemploymentMeasured?如何衡量失业？Basedontheanswerstothesurveyquestions,theBLSplaceseachadultintooneofthreecategories:根据对调查的回答，劳工统计局把每个受调查家庭中的每个成员（16岁以上）划入三类中的一类里：Employed就业者Unemployed失业者Notinthelaborforce非劳动力人口Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowisUnemploymentMeasured?如何衡量失业？TheBLSconsidersapersonanadultifheorsheisover16yearsold.劳工统计局把16岁或16岁以上的人看为成年人。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowisUnemploymentMeasured?如何衡量失业？Apersonisconsideredemployedifheorshehasspentmostofthepreviousweekworkingatapaidjob.如果一个人前一周的大部分时间用于有酬工作，这个人就被当作就业者。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowisUnemploymentMeasured?如何衡量失业？Apersonisunemployedifheorsheisontemporarylayoff,islookingforajob,oriswaitingforthestartdateofanewjob.如果一个人暂时被解雇，正在寻找工作或等待新工作开始的日子，这个人就是失业者。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowisUnemploymentMeasured?如何衡量失业？Apersonwhofitsneitherofthesecategories,suchasafull-timestudent,homemaker,orretiree,isnotinthelaborforce.如果一个人不属于前两类中的任何一类，这个人就是非劳动力人口，例如全日制学生、家务劳动者或退休者。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?LaborForceThelaborforceisthetotalnumberofworkers,includingboththeemployedandtheunemployed.TheBLSdefinesthelaborforceasthesumoftheemployedandtheunemployed.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.如何衡量失业？劳动力劳动力——既包括就业者又包括失业者的工人总量。劳工统计局把劳动力定义为就业者与失业者之和。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Unemployed(6.7million)Figure1TheBreakdownofthePopulationin2001Notinlaborforce(70.1million)Employed(135.1million)Laborforce(141.8million)Adultpopulation(211.9million)Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.失业者(670万)图1.2001年人口的分类非劳动力人口(7010万)就业者(1.351亿)劳动力(1.418亿)成年人口(2.119亿)Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowisUnemploymentMeasured?Theunemploymentrateiscalculatedasthepercentageofthelaborforcethatisunemployed.100forceLaborunemployedNumber=ratentUnemploymeHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.如何衡量失业？失业率定义为失业者在劳动力中的百分比：=100失业者人数失业率劳动力Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowisUnemploymentMeasured?Thelabor-forceparticipationrateisthepercentageoftheadultpopulationthatisinthelaborforce.100populationAdultforceLabor=rateionparticipatforce-LaborHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.如何衡量失业?劳动力参工率衡量总成年人口中劳动力的百分比。=100劳动力劳动力参工率成年人口Table1TheLabor-MarketExperiencesofVariousDemographicGroupsCopyright©2004South-WesternHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.表1.不同人口群体的劳动市场经历人口群体失业率（％）劳动力参工率（％）成年人(20岁以上)白人，男性3.776.8白人，女性3.650.2黑人，男性8.072.1黑人，女性7.065.4青少年(16-19)白人，男性13.854.1白人，女性11.452.8黑人，男性30.538.0黑人，女性27.537.4Figure2UnemploymentRateSince1960108642019701975196019651980198519902005PercentofLaborForce19952000NaturalrateofunemploymentUnemploymentrate图2.1960年以来的失业率劳动力百分比自然失业率失业率Figure3LaborForceParticipationRatesforMenandWomenSince19501008060402001950195519601965197019751980198519902000Labor-ForceParticipationRate(inpercent)WomenMen1995图3.1950年以来男人与妇女的劳动力参工率1008060402001950195519601965197019751980198519902000劳动力百分比（％）Women男人1995Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenapersonwhoisunemployedandapersonwhoisnotinthelaborforce.Discouragedworkers,peoplewhowou