曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap-24

MeasuringtheCostofLiving生活费用的衡量Chapter24Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.MeasuringtheCostofLiving生活费用的衡量Inflationreferstoasituationinwhichtheeconomy’soverallpricelevelisrising.通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平上升的情况。Theinflationrateisthepercentagechangeinthepricelevelfromthepreviousperiod.通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百分比。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheConsumerPriceIndexTheconsumerpriceindex(CPI)isameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer.TheBureauofLaborStatisticsreportstheCPIeachmonth.Itisusedtomonitorchangesinthecostoflivingovertime.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.消费物价指数消费物价指数(CPI)是普通消费者所购买的物品与劳务的总费用的衡量标准。劳工部的一个部门劳工统计局每月都计算并公布消费物价指数。它被用来监测生活费用随着时间的变化情况。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheConsumerPriceIndex消费物价指数WhentheCPIrises,thetypicalfamilyhastospendmoredollarstomaintainthesamestandardofliving.当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowtheConsumerPriceIndexIsCalculatedFixtheBasket:Determinewhatpricesaremostimportanttothetypicalconsumer.TheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS)identifiesamarketbasketofgoodsandservicesthetypicalconsumerbuys.TheBLSconductsmonthlyconsumersurveystosettheweightsforthepricesofthosegoodsandservices.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.如何计算消费物价指数固定篮子:确定哪些物价对普通消费者是最重要的。劳工统计局(BLS)通过消费者调查并找出普通消费者购买的一篮子物品与劳务。劳工统计局每月对消费者进行调查来确定对这些物品与劳务价格的权数。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowtheConsumerPriceIndexIsCalculated如何计算消费物价指数FindthePrices:Findthepricesofeachofthegoodsandservicesinthebasketforeachpointintime.找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每种物品与劳务的价格。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowtheConsumerPriceIndexIsCalculated如何计算消费物价指数ComputetheBasket’sCost:Usethedataonpricestocalculatethecostofthebasketofgoodsandservicesatdifferenttimes.计算这一篮子东西的费用：用价格数据计算不同时点一篮子物品与劳务的费用。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowtheConsumerPriceIndexIsCalculatedChooseaBaseYearandComputetheIndex:Designateoneyearasthebaseyear,makingitthebenchmarkagainstwhichotheryearsarecompared.Computetheindexbydividingthepriceofthebasketinoneyearbythepriceinthebaseyearandmultiplyingby100.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.如何计算消费物价指数选择基年并计算指数:指定一年为基年，即其他各年与之比较的基准。每年一篮子物品与劳务的价格除以基年一篮子物品与劳务的价格，然后把这个比率乘以100，所得出的数字就是消费物价指数。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowtheConsumerPriceIndexIsCalculated如何计算消费物价指数Computetheinflationrate:Theinflationrateisthepercentagechangeinthepriceindexfromtheprecedingperiod.计算通货膨胀率：通货膨胀率是从上一年以来物价指数的变动百分比。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheInflationRate通货膨胀率1001YearinCPI1YearinCPI-2YearinCPIYear2inRateInflationTheinflationrateiscalculatedasfollows:通货膨胀率计算如下：2CPI-11001CPI第年第年CPI第2年的通货膨胀率第年Table1CalculatingtheConsumerPriceIndexandtheInflationRate:AnExampleCopyright©2004South-Western表1.计算消费物价指数和通货膨胀率：一个例子第一步：调查消费者以确定固定的一篮子物品4个热狗，2个汉堡Table1CalculatingtheConsumerPriceIndexandtheInflationRate:AnExampleCopyright©2004South-Western表1.计算消费物价指数和通货膨胀率：一个例子第二步：找出每年每种物品的价格年热狗价格汉堡价格Table1CalculatingtheConsumerPriceIndexandtheInflationRate:AnExampleCopyright©2004South-Western表1.计算消费物价指数和通货膨胀率：一个例子第三步：计算每年一篮子物品的费用Table1CalculatingtheConsumerPriceIndexandtheInflationRate:AnExampleCopyright©2004South-Western表1.计算消费物价指数和通货膨胀率：一个例子第四步：选择一年为基年（2001）并计算每年的消费物价指数Table1CalculatingtheConsumerPriceIndexandtheInflationRate:AnExampleCopyright©2004South-Western表1.计算消费物价指数和通货膨胀率：一个例子第五步：用消费物价指数计算自上一年以来的通货膨胀率Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowtheConsumerPriceIndexIsCalculatedCalculatingtheConsumerPriceIndexandtheInflationRate:AnotherExampleBaseYearis2002.Basketofgoodsin2002costs$1,200.Thesamebasketin2004costs$1,236.CPI=($1,236/$1,200)100=103.Pricesincreased3percentbetween2002and2004.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.如何计算消费物价指数计算消费物价指数和通货膨胀率：一个例子基年选为2002.2002年这一篮子物品的费用是1200美元。2004年同一篮子的费用是1236美元。CPI=($1,236/$1,200)100=103.在2002年至2004年间，物价上升了3％。FYI:What’sintheCPI’sBasket?16%Foodandbeverages17%TransportationMedicalcare6%Recreation6%Apparel4%Othergoodsandservices4%41%Housing6%EducationandcommunicationFYI:在CPI的篮子中有些什么?16%食物与饮料17%Transportation医疗6%娱乐6%美容4%其他物品与劳务4%41%住房6%教育和通信Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProblemsinMeasuringTheCostofLiving衡量生活费用中的问题TheCPIisanaccuratemeasureoftheselectedgoodsthatmakeupthetypicalbundle,butitisnotaperfectmeasureofthecostofliving.CPI是所选择的构成消费篮子的物品的准确衡量，但它并不是生活费用的完美衡量指标。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProblemsinMeasuringTheCostofLiving衡量生活费用中的问题Substitutionbias替代倾向Introductionofnewgoods新产品的引进Unmeasuredqualitychanges无法衡量的质量变动Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProblemsinMeasuringtheCostofLivingSubstitutionBiasThebasketdoesnotchangetoreflectconsumerreactiontochangesinrelativeprices.•Consumerssubsti