曼昆微观经济学经济学十大原理-英文版

课程简介教材（英文版）：PrinciplesofEconomics,7ed.writtenbyN.GregoryMankiw中文版：《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》，梁小明、梁砾译，北京大学出版社参考书：《经济学原理学习指南》，大卫·哈克斯著，梁小民译，北京大学出版社；《曼昆经济学原理（微观经济学分册）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解》，圣才考研网主编，中国石化出版社课外阅读：《经济学的思维方式》，保罗·海恩著，马昕译，世界图书出版公司or机械工业出版社（13版）任课教师：方意研究方向：系统性风险；宏观审慎监管联系方式：[e-mail]微信公众号：方意金融教学与研究微博：fangyi_cufeTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS1课程简介©2015CUFECHAPTERTenPrinciplesofEconomics（经济学十大原理）EconomicsPRINCIPLESOFN.GregoryMankiw1Inthischapter,lookfortheanswerstothesequestions:经济学研究什么问题？Whatkindsofquestionsdoeseconomicsaddress?人们如何作出决策？Whataretheprinciplesofhowpeoplemakedecisions?人们如何相互影响？Whataretheprinciplesofhowpeopleinteract?整体经济如何运行？Whataretheprinciplesofhowtheeconomyasawholeworks?3TENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS4WhatEconomicsIsAllAboutScarcity（稀缺性）:thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources（社会拥有的资源有限）Economics:thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources（经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源）,e.g.howpeopledecidewhattobuy,howmuchtowork,save,andspend（居民决策：消费（数量、品种）、工作、储蓄）howfirmsdecidehowmuchtoproduce,howmanyworkerstohire（企业决策：生产（数量）、雇佣工人数量）howsocietydecideshowtodivideitsresourcesbetweennationaldefense,consumergoods,protectingtheenvironment,andotherneeds（国家决策：国防、消费品、环保等）TheprinciplesofHOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONS（人们如何做决策的原理）TENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS6HOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONSAlldecisionsinvolvetradeoffs.Examples:Goingtoapartythenightbeforeyourmidtermleaveslesstimeforstudying.聚会v.备考（时间资源决策）Havingmoremoneytobuystuffrequiresworkinglongerhours,whichleaveslesstimeforleisure.工作v.休闲（时间资源决策）Morenationdefenserequiresresourcesthatcouldotherwisebeusedtoproduceconsumergoods.(gunsorbutter?)大炮v.黄油Tradeoff的原因本质是：资源的稀缺性Principle#1:人们面临权衡取舍PeopleFaceTradeoffsTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS7HOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONSExamples:Morenationdefenserequiresresourcesthatcouldotherwisebeusedtoproduceconsumergoods.(gunsorbutter?)大炮v.黄油Principle#1:人们面临权衡取舍PeopleFaceTradeoffs举例：大炮与黄油的生产组合黄油(butter)大炮(guns)方式万吨万门A015B114C212D39E45F508HOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONSSocietyfacesanimportanttradeoff:效率(efficiency)vs.平等（equality）Efficiency:社会能从稀缺资源获得最大利益的特性.whensocietygetsthemostfromitsscarceresourcesEquality:经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性whenprosperityisdistributeduniformlyamongsociety’smembers.Tradeoff:Toachievegreaterequality,incomecouldberedistributedfromwealthytopoor.Butthisreducesincentivetoworkandproduce,shrinksthesizeoftheeconomic“pie.”政府分配“蛋糕”的方式会影响“蛋糕”大小：平等影响效率Principle#1:人们面临权衡取舍9HOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONSMakingdecisionsrequirescomparingthecostsandbenefitsofalternativechoices.机会成本——为了得到某种东西所必需放弃的东西。Theopportunitycostofanyitemiswhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainit.Itistherelevantcostfordecisionmaking.机会成本也来源于资源稀缺性，由于机会成本的存在从而需要取舍。机会成本是人们选择，而放弃其他全部选择中收益最大的部分。Principle#2:某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetItTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS10HOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONSExamples:Whatistheopportunitycostofgoingtocollegeforayear?Thespendontuition(学费),books,roomandboard（食宿）?A.tuitionB.booksC.roomandboardD.Theforgonewages（失去的工资）（最准确的表达：放弃这一年可以做其他事情的选择）Principle#2:某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetItTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS11HOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONSExamples:Principle#2:某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt当预期在四年之内赚得上千万美元时，高中篮球明星科比.布赖恩特（KobeBryant）决定不读大学而直接进入职业篮球联盟（NBA）。TENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS12ChoiceRevenueopportunitycostA200$201$B150$201$C180$201$D201$200$E200$201$Examples:13HOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONSRationalpeople定义：systematically（系统地）andpurposefully（有目的）dothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives.（理性人系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标；利益最大化）makedecisionsbyevaluatingcostsandbenefitsofmarginalchanges–incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplan.边际变动—对当前行动计划微小的增量调整。边际是高等数学微分的概念；理性人决策：边际收益边际成本（Do）;边际收益边际成本（Undo）Principle#3:理性人考虑边际量RationalPeopleThinkattheMarginTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS14HOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONSExamples:Whenastudentconsiderswhethertogotocollegeforanadditionalyear,hecomparesthefees&foregonewagestotheextraincomehecouldearnwiththeextrayearofeducation.Whenamanagerconsiderswhethertoincreaseoutput,shecomparesthecostoftheneededlaborandmaterialstotheextrarevenue.Principle#3:理性人考虑边际量RationalPeopleThinkattheMarginTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS15讨论：一架200座的飞机，在某航线上飞行一次的成本是10万美元，在飞机即将起飞之前仍有10个空位，此时航空公司会不会以低于500美元（如300美元）的价格出售飞机票？决策：边际收益≥边际成本Principle#3:理性人考虑边际量RationalPeopleThinkattheMarginTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS16钻石水人没有钻石不会受到太大影响，没有水的话则很难生存。然而钻石却比水贵？Youaresellingyour1996Mustang.Youhavealreadyspent$1000onrepairs.Atthelastminute,thetransmissiondies.Youcanpay$600tohaveitrepaired,orsellthecar“asis.”Ineachofthefollowingscenarios,shouldyouhavethetransmissionrepaired?Explain.A.Bluebookvalueis$6500iftransmissionworks,$5700ifitdoesn’tB.Bluebookvalueis$6000iftransmissionworks,$5500ifitdoesn’tACTIVELEARNING1Applyingtheprinciples17Costoffixingtransmission=$600A.Bluebookvalueis$6500iftransmissionworks,$5700ifitdoesn’tBenefitoffixingthetransmission=$800($6500–5700).It’sworthwhiletohavethetransmissionfixed.B.Bluebookvalueis$6000iftransmissionworks,$5500ifitdoesn’tBenefitoffixingthetransmissionisonly$500.Paying$600tofixtransmissionisnotworthwhile.ACTIVELEARNING1Answers1819HOWPEOPLEMAKEDEC