英语句子成分和句子结构分析语法讲解1认识语法一、英语语法分为两大部分词法(微观遣词);句法(宏观造句)01词法(微观遣词)1.实词:有实际意义的词。名词n.:表事物名称动词vi./vt.:行为,动态。vi.不及物动词,本身可以表达完整意义,后面不需要带宾语vt.及物动词,本身无法表达完整意义,后面必须带宾语形容词adj.:修饰n.副词adv.:修饰v./adj.或者句子中其他adv或者整个句子代词Pron.:代替n.数词num.:表数量(基数词),表顺序(序数词)2.虚词:没有实际意义的词。介词prep.:说明词与词之间的关系连词conj.:说明句子与句子之间的关系冠词art.:在n.前,限定n.感叹词int.:表达感叹02句法(宏观造句)1.句子的成分2.句子结构3.句子的变化4.句子的功能5.句子的类型:简单句,并列句,复合句6.复合句:名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句二、语法四大原则1.词性决定词用2.同类同用同种类型的词,用法相同,越细分,越一致3.动词即句魂句子里最重要的是谓语,谓语部分最重要的就是动词4.举一反三由表及里,发掘句子结构,归属;认识句子本质,由点及面,放大到句群。语法精讲2句子的成分主体:主语,谓语,宾语,表语次体:定语,状语,补语,同位语主语:一个句子的主体,是全句述说的对象。常由名词,代词或相当于名词或代词的词担任,一般放在句首。Thesun(名词n.)risesintheeast.We(代词pron.)arefriendsTwentyyears(数词num.)isashorttimeinhistory.Seeing(动名词)isbelievingTobeateacher(不定式)ismydreamWhatheneeds(句子)isabook主语从句It(形式主语)istimetogohome(真正的主语)形式主语是为保持句子平衡谓语:表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或动词词组担任,放在主语的后面Westudy(实意动词)English!Ican(情态动词)doit!Idon’t(助动词)know!Heis(系动词)asleep.宾语:表示谓语行为的对象,常由名词,代词或相当于名词的词担任,一般放在及物动词或者介词之后。Iplaywithhim(代词)Ilikechina(名词)Howmanydoyouneed?——weneedtwo(数词)Ienjoyworkingwithyou(动名词)Ihopetoseeyouagain(不定式)Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?(句子)Underthesnow(介宾短语),therearemanyrocks.Hegaveme(间接宾语)abook(直接宾语)yesterday表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态,一般由名词或者形容词担任。凡是系动词(be动词,感官动词等)出现的地方,后面必定带着表语Heisateacher(名词)Seventy-four!youdon’tlookit(代词)Fiveandfiveisten(数词)Heisasleep(形容词)Thispictureisonthewall(介词短语)Mywatchismissing/lost(形容词化的分词)Towearafloweristosay“I’mpoor,Ican’tbuyaring”(不定式)Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome(句子)语法精讲3定语:用来修饰或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或者从句担任,形容词放在名词前面。相当于形容词的短语或者从句放在名词后面。HeisacleverboyThisisanappletreeTherearetenstudentsinourclassSheisTom’ssisterHeboughtsomesleepingpillsThegirlinredishissisterWehavealotofworktodoThegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughterDoyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow.状语:用来说明动词,形容词,副词或者整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词可放动词前,也可放在动词后;修饰形容词或者副词时放在他们前面。动词的八个状态:时间,地点,原因,状态,目的,结果,方式,程度ThestudentsstudyhardIoftenwritetohimHewrotewitharedpencilHewenttoseeafilmThestudentswentawaylaughingI’llwritetoyouassoonasIgetthere.补语:表示补充说明,总是跟着宾语跑Ifoundabooklyingonthefloor.Doyousmellsomethingburning?Sheaskedmetogowithher.独立成分:同位语,感叹语Bruce,myEnglishteacher,isacoolmanThat’sgreat!语法精讲4简单句的5种基本结构通过一个爱情故事掌握5种简单句。1,主语+谓语:Shecomes.2,主语+系动词+表语Sheislovely.3,主语+谓语+宾语Iloveher.4,主语+谓语+间宾+直宾Igaveherarose.5,主语+谓语+宾语+宾补Imadeherhappy.2三大句子结构类型1,简单句FrankandEricaregoodfriends.Imakeandhavebreakfast.2,并列句IlikeEnglish,butIdon’tlikemath.Ihategrammar,whilehelovesit.3,复合句Whatshedoesisnotgood.Themanwhohasanumbrellainhishandismyuncle.Whenyoufinishthework,youmaygoouttoplaywithSam.语法精讲5简单句Tom’sfatherboughthimanewbikeyesterday.ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.Kate’sunclelivesinavillage.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.John’sfather,Mrblack,isalawyer.Wealwaysgotoschoolearly.Healwaysmakesmecryinthissituation.并列句句子+句子,并列关系Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.Iamthirsty,foritishot.复合句一个句子在另一个句子里充当了一定的成分。句子套句子,主从关系WhatshelikesiswatchingTV.主语从句Doyouknowhowmuchthehouseis.宾语从句ThatiswhatIwanttotellyou.表语从句It’saquestionhowhedidit.同位语从句Themanwhomyoutalkwithismyfriend.定语从句IfIamfree,Iwillgoshopping.条件状语从句四种句子类型:英语01陈述句(肯定,否定)Heissixyearsold.Shedoesn’tlikeEnglish.02疑问句(一般,特殊,选择,反义)Doyoulikeswimming?↑一般疑问句Whatareyoudoing?↓特殊疑问代词+一般疑问句=特殊疑问句Isthisapen↑orapencil?↓选择疑问句Shelikesdancing↓,doesn’tshe?↑反义疑问句。前肯后否或者前否后肯03祈使句:命令,要求,请求。一般会略去主语,动词开头Becareful,boys!Don’tspeakinclass!04感叹句:how/what开头Howclevertheboyis!Whatanicedayitis!