Chapter6Shakespeare(p55---p93)AdelaClassBLanzhouUniversity莎士比亚是16世纪后半叶到17世纪初英国最著名的作家(本·琼斯称他为“时代的灵魂”),也是欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。他共写有37部戏剧,154首14行诗,两首长诗和其他诗歌。I.Life(p55-p59)略II.AChoronologicalListofShakespeare’sPlays(p59-p60)略III.Periodsofhisdramaticcomposition(p60-p67)a)Thefirstperiod(1590-1594):(1,relaxingandromatic;2,bearinghismarkofyouth;3,relyingonfinespeechandsituationratherthancharacter)i.thehistoricalplay(HenryVI,Parts1,2,and3,RichardIII)ii.Varietiesofcomedy:1)错中错(TheComedyofErrors)2)驯悍记(TamingoftheShrew)3)维洛那二绅士(TheTwoGentlemenofVerona)4)空爱一场(Love'sLabour'sLost)Iii.Theromatictragedy:1)罗密欧与朱丽叶(RomeoandJuliet)Iv.Narrativepoems:1)维纳斯和阿多尼斯(VenusandAdonis)2)鲁克丽丝失贞记(TheRapeofLucrece)b)TheSecondPeriod(1595-1600):(1,optimistic;2,anadvanceincharacterizationandversification,inwisdom,inpoliticalinsight,indramaticskill)i.6comodies:1)仲夏夜梦(AMidsummerNight'sDream)2)威尼斯商人(TheMerchantofVenice)3)温莎的风流夫人(TheMerryWivesofWindsor)4)无事生非(MuchAdoAboutNothing)5)如愿(AsYouLikeIt)6)第十二夜(TwelfthNightorWhatYouWill)ii.5histotricalplays:1)理乍得二世(RichardII)2)亨利四世,第一卷(HenryIV,part1)3)亨利四世,第二卷(HenryIV,part2)4)亨利六世,第一卷(HenryVI,part1)5)约翰国王(KingJohn)iii.ARomantragedy:1)朱利阿斯·西撒(JuliusCaesar)iv.Hissonnets(1590-1600),即课本中的前两个时期:这时期的伊丽莎白中央主权尚属巩固,王室跟工商业者及新贵族的暂时联盟尚在发展,1588年打败西班牙“无敌舰队”后国势大振。这使作者对生活充满乐观主义情绪,相信人文主义思想可以实现。这时期所写的历史剧和喜剧都表现出明朗、乐观的风格。历史剧如《理查三世》(1592)、《亨利三世》(1599)等,谴责封建暴君,歌颂开明君主,表现了人文主义的反封建暴政和封建割据的开明政治理想。喜剧如《仲夏夜之梦》(1596),《第十二夜》(1600)、《皆大欢喜》(16O0)等,描写温柔美丽、坚毅勇敢的妇女,冲破重重封建阻拦,终于获得爱情胜利,表现了人文主义的歌颂自由爱情和反封建禁欲束缚的社会人生主张。就连这时期写成的悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(1595)也同样具有不少明朗乐观的因素。c)TheThirdPeriod(1601-1607):(1,mainlytheperiodof“greattragedies”and“darkcomedies”;2,thetragicnoteisstrengthened)i.5tragedies:1)哈姆雷特(Hamlet)2)奥赛罗(Othello)3)李尔王(KingLear)4)麦克白(Macbeth)5)雅典的泰蒙(TimonofAthens)ii.3comedies:1)脱爱勒斯与克来西达(TroilusandCressida)2)皆大欢喜(All'sWellThatEndsWell)3)一报还一报(MeasureforMeasure)iii.2Romantragedies:1)安东尼与克利欧佩特拉(AntonyandCleopatra)2)考利欧雷诺斯(Coriolanus)(1601~1607年):这时英国农村的“圈地运动”正在加速进行,王权和资产阶级及新贵族的暂时联盟正在瓦解,社会矛盾深化重结,政治经济形势日益恶化,詹姆士一世继位后的挥霍无度和倒行逆施,更使人民痛苦加剧,反抗迭起。在这种情况下,莎士比亚深感人文主义理想与现实的矛盾越来越加剧,创作风格也从明快乐观变为阴郁悲愤,其所写的悲剧也不是重在歌颂人文主义理想,而是重在揭露批判社会的种种罪恶和黑暗。代表作《哈姆雷特》(16O1)展现了一场进步势力与专治黑暗势力寡不敌众的惊心动魄斗争。《奥赛罗》(1604)描写了一幕冲破封建束缚又陷入资本主义利己主义阴谋的青年男女的感人爱情悲剧。《李尔王》(1606)描写刚愎自用的封建君王在真诚和伪善的事实教育下变为一个现实而具同情心的“人”的过程。《麦克白》(1606)则揭露权势野心对人的毁灭性腐蚀毒害作用。这时期所写的喜剧《终成眷属》、《一报还一报》等也同样具有悲剧色彩。d)TheFourthPeriod(1608-1612):(romaticandpastoral田园的;)i.4romancesor“reconciliationplays”:1)佩里克利斯(PericlesPrinceofTyre)2)辛伯林(Cymbeline)3)冬天的故事(TheWinter'sTale)4)暴风雨(TheTempest)ii.Ahistoricalplay:1)亨利八世(HenryVIII)(1608~1612年):这时詹姆士一世王朝更加腐败,社会矛盾更加尖锐。莎士比亚深感人文主义理想的破灭,乃退居故乡写浪漫主义传奇剧。其创作风格也随之表现为浪漫空幻。《辛白林》(1609)和《冬天的故事》(1610)写失散后的团聚或遭诬陷后的昭雪、和解。《暴风雨》(1611)写米兰公爵用魔法把谋权篡位的弟弟安东尼奥等所乘的船摄到荒岛,并宽恕了他,其弟也交还了王位。一场类似《哈姆雷特》的政治风暴,在宽恕感化中变得风平浪静。IVTheGreatComedies(p67-p70)1.仲夏夜梦(AMidsummerNight'sDream)--------themostlyricalofallShakespeare’splays,inwhichelementsofGreekmythologyarefancifullycombinedwiththoseofBritishfolklores.2.威尼斯商人(TheMerchantofVenice)--------ittakesitsplotfromanItalianstory3.如愿(AsYouLikeIt)------------4.第十二夜(TwelfthNightorWhatYouWill)------------Inthemheportrayedyoungpeoplejustfreedfromfeudalfetters.hesangoftheiryouth,loveandidealofhappinessScenesinthemareallsetinsome“imaginary”oridealcountryV.TheMatureHistories(p70-p80)(TheprincipalideaoftheseplaysisthenecessityfornationalunityunderoneKing.)Itcontainstenhistoricalplays,nineofwhichdramatizesuccessivelytwocenturiesofEnglishhistoryfromRichardIItoHenryVIII.亨利四世,第一卷(HenryIV,part1)亨利四世,第二卷(HenryIV,part2)亨利五世(HenryV)亨利六世,第一卷(HenryVI,part1)亨利六世,第二卷(HenryVI,part2)亨利六世,第三卷(HenryVI,part3)亨利八世(HenryVIII)约翰国王(KingJohn)理乍得二世(RichardII)理乍得三世(RichardIII1.HenryIV:Itcontainstwoparts:ThesubjectofPartIistherebelloinofthePercyfamilyanditsdefeat.InpartIIisthedissoluteconductofPrinceHal,wholeadsariotouslifewiththeoldruffianSirJohnFalstaff.(inthispart,themoodisgrimmerandhumourislessgayandlaughterdies)2.TheImageofHenryV-------thesymbolofShakespeare’sidealkingship.--------thefirstofawholegalleryof“prodigalsons”whoturnoveranewleafintheend1)HenryIVdescribesPrinceHalasabuddingstatesman崭露头角的政治家(hisdissolutenessisonlyskin-deep/superficial)2)Thoughleadingariotouslife,HenryViscold-headedandhasastrongwill.(asharpcontrastbetweenthecharacterofPrinceHenryandthatofHotspur---theleaderoftherebelliouslords)3)Someofhisspeechesonthebattlefieldinspireshissoldierswithpatriotism,courageandbrotherhood.3.TheImageofSirJohnFalstaff---------oneofthemostbrlliantcreationsinShakespeare’splays----------acomplicatedcharacterfulloftension张力1)byorigin,heisafeudalknight,fat,old,grossandguiltyofmanysins.Hehaslosthisestatesandbecomeanadventurer投机者andparasite寄生虫2)Falstaffisnotlimitedbysocialconventions,selfish,treacherousandcynical.3)Falstaff’sideaoflivingistoseizethedayandheknowsthenatureofwarwithoutillusions.4)Falstaffistheproductofatransitionperiodwhenfeudaltiesbeingdissolvedandthecapitalistsocietyisnotyetinbirth.*InmemoryofFalstaff,Shakespearewroteacomedy,温莎的风流娘们(TheMerryWivesofWindsor)attherequestofQueenElizabethIVI.TheGreatTragedies:(p80-p84)1.