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-1-定语从句定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。例如acleverboytheboilingwaterfallenleaves•Theboyintheclassroomneedsapen.•Themanstandingthereismyteacher.定语从句：一个句子充当定语Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepen.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。Ⅰ.概念：(1)定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词，并代替先行词在从句中担任一定的成分。分为关系代词和关系副词。(4)定语从句基本构成：先行词+关系词+从句A)关系词的作用：1)引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2)必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）1.ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.2.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.3.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.4.I’dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.B)简单句变定语从句例1：ThegirlisMary.Thegirlisstandingthere.Thegirl(whoisstandingthere)isMary.如何改写定语从句?1、找准主句和从句，并找出两个简单句的共有成分，确定先行词。2、将从句中的共有成分去掉。3.找准关系词，用关系词引导从句剩下的部分，并紧接在被修饰词（先行词）之后。-2-例2：Aplaneisamachine.Themachinecanfly.例3：ThegirlisMary.Wesawheryesterday.C)定语从句选择关系词三步曲：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法：●that:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如：1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.（宾语）4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.●which:指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语如：1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.（主语）2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.（宾语）3.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（表语）●who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人whom:宾格，在从句中作宾语;只可指人whose:属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主语）Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.（宾语）=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.（指人）I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（指物）whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich(物)=ofwhich(物)+the+n.=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhom(人)=ofwhom(人)+the+n.=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.注意：定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数于先行词保持一致Thisisoneofthebestbooksthathaveeverbeenwritten.Heisoneofthestudentswhostudyhardatschool.当one前面有theonly等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词要与one保持一致而取单数形式例如Thisistheonlyoneofthebestbooksthathaseverbeenwritten.-3-Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhostudieshardatschool.Ⅲ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:●宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.①先行词为不定代词表示物,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。.⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that.如：⑧主句是Therebe结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如：1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.⑨被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.●定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:①当关系代词的前面有介词时.1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.②在非限制性定语从句中.1.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)(B)who&that:●who和that指代人时，有些情况宜用who,而不宜用that①先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people时.如：.②在Therebe结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人.如：1.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.Ⅳ.关系副词引导的定语从句:●When指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。定语从句中when=in/on/atwhich,其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作状语）IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作宾语）Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.●Where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。定语从句中where=in/on/atwhich,其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作状语）ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作宾语）Iliveintheroomwhichwasboughtbymyfather.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.●Why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason时，可用forwhich指代；如：That’sthereasonwhy/forwhichhewaslate.-4-Thereasonwhy/forwhichhedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.（作宾语）Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?（作主语）当先行词为way时，关系词在句中作状语时，定语从句常用that,inwhich引导，that常可以省略。way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如:Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway（that/which）Ihaveshownyou.V.介词+关系代词考点1.基本考点考点1简单介词+关系代词引导定语从句时，that和who不能用于介词之后，能用于介词＋关系代词引导定语从句的代词只有which和whom。考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词前该选什么样的介词，要根据不同的语境、词组搭配、习语、惯用法等来决定,归纳起来介词的选择主要依据如下几点：①介词与定语从句的先行词搭配。如：ThefarmonwhichIonceworkedhastakenonanewlook．(onthefarm)②介词与从句中动词搭配。如：Whoisthemanwithwhomourteacherisshakinghands？(shakehandswithsb.)Inthedarkstreettherewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.(turntosb.forhelp)③介词与定语从句中的形容词搭配,如：Thewestlake,forwhichHangZhouisfamous,isabeautifulplace.（befamousfor）④根据句子的意思来决定,此时不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配。Waterisveryimportantforuswithoutwhichwecan’tlive.(2004辽宁)Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%ofwhicharesoldabroad．（2006辽宁）Iwastoldthattherewereabout50foreignstudents