转换生成语法

InstituteprofessorandprofessorEmeritusoflinguisticsofM.I.T.NoamChomskyDec.7,1928Americanlinguist1.Chomsky’sGBTheory(管辖和约束理论)2.MinimalistProgram（最简方案）GBTheory(管辖与约定理论)BackgroundIn1979,ChomskydeliveredaseriesoflecturesinPisa,Italy,whichwerereviselaterandpublishedin1981underthetitleofLecturesonGovernmentandBinding(管辖与约束理论讲座).管辖与约束理论讲座•以《管辖和约束论集》为代表。这本书是根据乔姆斯基1979年在意大利比萨的一次学术会议上提出的“管辖”和“约束”理论整理成的。这一阶段的理论有两个重大变化：一是在原来的规则系统之外增加了原则系统，二是提出了“虚范畴”。•GovernmentandbindingisatheoryofsyntaxinthetraditionoftransformationalgrammardevelopedprincipallybyNoamChomskyinthe1980s.ThistheoryisaradicalrevisionofhisearliertheoriesandwaslaterrevisedinTheMinimalistProgram(1995)andseveralsubsequentpapers,thelatestbeingThreeFactorsinLanguageDesign(2005).GBTheory(管辖与约定理论)•Thenamereferstotwocentralsub-theoriesofthetheory:government,whichisanabstractsyntacticrelation,andbinding,whichdealswiththereferentsofpronouns,anaphors,andreferentialexpressions.GBwasthefirsttheorytobebasedontheprinciplesandparametersmodeloflanguage,whichalsounderliesthelaterdevelopmentsoftheMinimalistProgram.GBTheory(管辖与约定理论)Governmentisdefinedasfollows:AgovernsBifandonlyifAisagovernorandAc-commandBandnobarrierintervenesbetweenAandB.Government(管辖)其定义为:A是管辖语A统治BA和B之间无障碍•Governorsareheadsofthelexicalcategories(V,N,A,P)andtensedI(T).Ac-commandsBifAdoesnotdominateBandBdoesnotdominateAandthefirstmaximalprojectionofAdominatesB.ThemaximalprojectionofaheadXisXP.Thismeansthatforexampleinastructurelikethefollowing,Ac-commandsB,butBdoesnotc-commandA:Government(管辖)APXA’ABPYBAc-commandBGovernment(管辖)•C-command:(成分统制)constituentcommandtherelationbetweenanelementandanotherofthesamelevelandunderthesamenodeinatreediagram.ABCDEFGovernment(管辖)Anotherdefinitionofgovernment:Itreferstoatypeofcontrolovertheformofsomewordsbyotherwordsincertainsyntacticconstruction.Forexample:speakaboutthelanguageGovernment(管辖)VPVPPPNPDetNspeakaboutthelanguage•VP:Verbphrase•PP:Prepositionalphrase•Det:DeterminerGovernment(管辖)•Inthiscase,therearetwogovernmentrelation：aboutgovernsthelanguagespeakgovernsaboutthelanguageGovernment(管辖)•Tosummarize,anelementgovernsanotherifthetwoareunderthesamenotiondirectly,andtheformeristheheadoftheconstruction.Bindingtheoryprovidesconstraintsonthecoreferencepossibilitiesofnominaltermelements：anaphors(照应语),pronouns(代词)andreferringexpressions（指称语）.Bindingtheory(约束)Now,bindingtheorystatesthefollowing:1.ananaphorisboundinalocaldomain2.apronominalisfreeinalocaldomain3.anr-expressionisfree(inthedomainoftheheadofhischain)Bindingtheory(约束)•Bindingcanbedefinedasfollows:AbindsBifandonlyifi.Ac-commandsBii.AandBarecoindexed/co-referent.Bindingtheory(约束)•Now,considerthesentenceJohnsawhismother.Inthissentence,Johnc-commandshisbecausehisiswithinthegoverningcategoryofJohn.Johnandhisarealsoco-referent(theyrefertothesameperson),therefore,Johnbindshis.Bindingtheory(约束)Bindingtheory(约束)Ontheotherhand,inthesentence“AfriendofJohnsawhismother”,“John”doesnotc-command“his”,sotheyhavenobindingrelationship,regardlessofwhethertheyareco-referent.Bindingtheory(约束)•Theimportanceofbindingisshowninthegrammaticallyofthefollowingsentences:1.Johnsawhim.(ungrammaticalwithco-reference)2.Johnsawhimself.(unambiguouslyco-referent)3.HimselfsawJohn.(ungrammatical)4.JohnsawJohn.(ungrammatical,unlessitreferstodistinctJohns)Bindingtheory(约束)•BackgroundIn1992,Chomskywroteanessay“AMinimalistProgramforLanguageTheory”,collectedinhisTheMinimalistProgram(1995),markinganewstageofhisgenerativegrammar.Minimalistprogram(最简方案)Minimalistprogram(最简方案)ThePrincipleofEconomyBarePhraseStructurePhaseThenewresearchdirectioninvolvesthefurtherdevelopmentofideasinvolvingeconomyofderivationandeconomyofrepresentationwhichhadstartedtobecomesignificantintheearly1990s,butwerestillratherperipheralaspectsofTGGtheory.ThePrincipleofEconomyEconomyofderivation：Definitionaprinciplestatingthatmovements(i.e.transformations)onlyoccurinordertomatchinterpretablefeatureswithuninterpretablefeatures.ThePrincipleofEconomy•AnexampleofaninterpretablefeatureisthepluralinflectiononregularEnglishnouns,e.g.dogs.Theworddogscanonlybeusedtorefertoseveraldogs,notasingledog,andsothisinflectioncontributestomeaning,makingitinterpretable.Englishverbsareinflectedaccordingtothenumberoftheirsubject(e.g.DogsbitevsAdogbites),butthisinformationisonlyinterpretableoncearelationshipisformedbetweenthesubjectandtheverb,somovementofthesubjectisrequired.ThePrincipleofEconomy•Principlethatgrammaticalstructuresmustexistforapurpose,i.e.thestructureofasentenceshouldbenolargerormorecomplexthanrequiredtosatisfyconstraintsongrammaticality.EconomyofRepresentation•BarePhraseStructure(BPS),isaminimalisttheoryofphrasestructure(sentencebuildinginsimpleterms).ItwasdevelopedbyNoamChomsky.•ThistheorycontrastwiththeX-bartheory:BarePhraseStructureContrast:1.BPSisexplicitlyderivational.2.BPSdoesnothaveapreconceivedphrasalstructure,whileinX-BarTheory,everyphrasehasaspecifier,ahead,andacomplement.3.BPSpermitsonlybinarybranching,whileX-BarTheorypermitsbothbinaryandunarybranching.4.BPSdoesnotdistinguishbetweena“he