ASTM-E446-2010

Designation:E446–10StandardReferenceRadiographsforSteelCastingsUpto2in.(50.8mm)inThickness1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE446;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforusebyagenciesoftheDepartmentofDefense.1.Scope1.1Thesereferenceradiographs2illustratevariouscatego-ries,types,andseveritylevelsofdiscontinuitiesoccurringinsteelcastingsthathavesectionthicknessesupto2in.(50.8mm)(seeNote2).ThereferenceradiographfilmsareanadjuncttothisstandardandmustbepurchasedseparatelyfromASTMInternational,ifneeded(see2.2).Categoriesandseveritylevelsforeachdiscontinuitytyperepresentedbythesereferenceradiographsaredescribedin1.2.NOTE1—ThebasisofapplicationforthesereferenceradiographsrequiresapriorpurchasersupplieragreementofradiographicexaminationattributesandclassificationcriterionasdescribedinSections4,6,and7ofthisstandard.NOTE2—ReferenceradiographspreviouslyusedforthisthicknessrangecarriedthedesignationE71,butincludedanowrarelyusedgammasource,thatis,radium.ThecurrentdocumentisalsoupdatedbyinclusionofseveralrecognizedshrinkageorCcategoriesandbyeliminationofthecrackandhottearcategoriesexceptforoneexampleofeachofthesediscontinuitytypes.ReferenceradiographsforthickersectionsmaybefoundinReferenceRadiographstandardsE186andE280.ReferenceRadiographstandardsE446andE186providesomeoverlapofseveritylevelsforsimilardiscontinuitycategorieswithinthesameenergylevelrange(see4.2,5.1,and6.3).1.2Thesereferenceradiographsconsistofthreeseparatevolumes(seeNote3)asfollows:(I)mediumvoltage(nominal250-kV)Xrays.(II)1-MVXraysandIridium-192radiation,and(III)2-MVto4-MVXraysandcobalt-60radiation.Unlessotherwisespecifiedinapurchasersupplieragreement(see1.1),eachvolumeisforcomparisononlywithproductionradio-graphsproducedwithradiationenergylevelswithinthethick-nessrangecoveredbythisstandard.Eachvolumeconsistsofsixcategoriesofgradeddiscontinuitiesofincreasingseveritylevelandfourcategoriesofungradeddiscontinuities.Refer-enceradiographscontainingungradeddiscontinuitiesarepro-videdasaguideforrecognitionofaspecificcastingdisconti-nuitytypewhereseveritylevelsarenotneeded.Followingisalistofdiscontinuitycategories,typesandseveritylevelsfortheadjunctreferenceradiographsofthisstandard:1.2.1CategoryA—Gasporosity;severitylevels1through5.1.2.2CategoryB—Sandandslaginclusions;severitylevels1through5.1.2.3CategoryC—Shrinkage;4types:1.2.3.1Ca—Severitylevels1through5.1.2.3.2Cb—Severitylevels1through5.1.2.3.3Cc—Severitylevels1through5.1.2.3.4Cd—combinationsoflinear,featheryandspongeshrinkage—Severitylevels1through5.1.2.4CategoryD—Crack;1illustration.1.2.5CategoryE—Hottear;1illustration.1.2.6CategoryF—Insert;1illustration.1.2.7CategoryG—Mottling;1illustration.NOTE3—Thereferenceradiographsconsistofthefollowing:VolumeI:MediumVoltage(nominal250kVp)X-RayReferenceRadiographs—setof34illustrations(nominal5by7in.)ina15by17-in.ringbinder.VolumeII:1-MVXRaysandIridium-192ReferenceRadiographs—Setof34illustrations(nominal5by7in.)ina15by17-in.ringbinder.VolumeIII:2-MVto4-MVXRaysandCobalt-60ReferenceRadiographs—Setof34illustrations(nominal5by7in.)ina15by17-in.ringbinder.NOTE4—AlthoughCategoryG–Mottlingislistedforallthreevolumes,theappearanceofmottlingisdependentonthelevelofradiationenergy.MottlingappearsreasonablyprominentinVolumeI;however,becauseofthehigherradiationenergylevelsmottlingmaynotbeapparentinVolumeIInorVolumeIII.1.3Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.SIvaluesareshownforinformationonly.1.4Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.1ThesereferenceradiographsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE07onNondestructiveTestingandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE07.02onReferenceRadiologicalImages.CurrenteditionapprovedJan.1,2010.PublishedFebruary2010.Originallyapprovedin1972.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2004asE446–98(2004)´1.DOI:10.1520/E0446-10.2ForASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeapplicationsseerelatedReferenceRadiographsSE-446inSectionVofthatCode.1Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates.CopyrightASTMInternationalProvidedbyIHSunderlicensewithASTMLicensee=UniversitaBologna-relatedto5972936/5935522001NotforResale,01/12/201123:33:01MSTNoreproductionornetworkingpermittedwithoutlicensefromIHS--``,`,``,,`,``,,,`,``,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:3E94GuideforRadiographicExaminationE186ReferenceRadiographsforHeavy-Walled(2to412-in.[51to114-mm])SteelCastingsE242ReferenceRadiographsforAppearancesofRadio-graphicImagesasCertainParametersAreChangedE280ReferenceRadiographsforHeavy-Walled(412to12-in.[114to305-mm])SteelCastingsE1316Term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