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科技英语综合复习资料PartIReadingComprehension(阅读理解)Passage1Geologyisanaturalscience.Withitmencandiscoverallkindsofusefulminerals.Geologystudiestheearth.Butofthethreespheres,theatmosphere,thehydrosphereandthelithosphere,itonlydirectlystudiesthelithosphere.Itstudiesthecompositionanddistributionofmaterialintheearth’scrust.Itstudiesalsotheformation,changesanddevelopmentofrocksandmineralsintheearth’scrust.Geologyisaverycomplexscience.Therearemanybranchesingeology.Mineralogyisthescienceoftheminerals.Petrologyisthescienceoftherocks.Geomorphologydealswithoriginoflandscapesandchangesinthem.Historicalgeologytracestheevolutionanddevelopmentoftheearthandoftheanimalsandplantsonit.Stratigraphystudiesthesequenceoftherocksintheearth’scrust.Paleontologydealswiththeancientanimalsandplants.Thesearejustafewofthemostimportantbranchesofgeology.Geologyisaveryimportantscience.Wedependupongeologyforthediscoveryofmineraldepositsneededbythevariousindustries.Alotofmineralsareusedasfuelandrawmaterials.Withoutthemindustrializationisimpossible.Mineralsarealsousedasfertilizersinagriculture.Chinaisveryrichinmineraldepositsofallkinds.Thestudyofgeologywillhelpustodiscoverthem.Petroleumoccurswidelyintheearthasgas,liquid,semisolid,orsolid,orinmorethanoneofthesestatesatasingleplace.Chemicallyanypetroleumisanextremelycomplexmixtureofhydrocarbon(hydrogenandcarbon)compounds,withminoramountsofnitrogen,oxygen,andsulfurasimpurities.Liquidpetroleum,whichiscalledcrudeoiltodistinguishitfromrefinedoil,isthemostimportantcommercially.Itconsistschieflyoftheliquidhydrocarbons,withvaryingamountsofdissolvedgases,bitumens,andimpurities.Petroleumgas,commonlycallednaturalgastodistinguishitfrommanufacturedgas,consistsofthelighterparaffinhydrocarbons,ofwhichthemostabundantismethanegas(CH4).Thesemisolidandsolidformsofpetroleumconsistoftheheavyhydrocarbonsandbitumens.Geologyplaysanimportantroleinthesearchforoilandnaturalgas.Fourprerequisitesarenecessaryforoil(andgas)toaccumulateincommercialquantitiesinanarea:(1)Theoiloriginatesinasourcebed,andamarineshale,onceablackmudrichinorganiccompounds,isthoughttobeacommonsourcerock.(2)Theoilthenmigratestoapermeablereservoirrock,andtodothisitmaytravelforlongdistancesbothverticallyandhorizontally.Oilcannotmovethroughthetinyopeningsoftheshalesourcebedsrapidlyenoughtobeextractedprofitably.(3)Anonpermeablelayermustoccuraboveareservoirbed.Sinceoilislighterthanwater,ittendstomoveupwardthroughopeningsandcracksuntilitencountersimperviousbedsthatitcannotpenetrate.Theoilmaythenaccumulatebeneaththeimperviouslayers.Somegasoccursinsolutionwithintheoil,andifenoughispresentitseparatesouttooccupytheuppermostregionofsuchatrap.(4)Afavorablestructuremustexisttoconcentratetheoilandanticlines,saltplugs,andfaultsarecommonexamples.Afaultzonemayitselfbeimpervious,orfaultingmayhaveshiftedanimperviousbedsothatitnowblocksareservoirbed.Stratigraphictrapstendtobemoredifficulttolocateandmayformwheretiltedreservoirbedsareoverlainunconformablybyimperviouslayersorwherethereservoirbedsbecomethinnerup-dipandwedgeoutwithinenclosingimperviousbeds.Thusoilthatwasoncedistributedinsparseamountsthroughoutaverylargevolumeofrockmaynowberichlyconcentratedwithintheuppermostportionsoffavorablereservoirrocks.Thetaskofthegeologististhelocationofpromisingstructuresinregionswhererocksarefavorablefortheoccurrenceoftheotherprerequisites.Drillingaholeisthentheonlyknownmethodofdeterminingwhetherornotoilispresentinthestructure.1.Whatismainlydealtwithinthepassage?A.Theformationofoil.B.Theformationofrocks.C.Thegeneralintroductionofgeology.D.Therolesofgeologyinfindingoil.2.GeologyisanaturalscienceanditdoesNOTstudy______.A.themineralsintheearth’scrustB.therocksintheearth’scrustC.theevolutionanddevelopmentoftheearthD.theoriginoftheatmospheresurroundingtheearth3.Oneprerequisiteforoiltoaccumulateinquantityisthattheoiloriginatesin______.A.asourcerockB.ablackmudC.theseawaterD.organiccompounds4.Intheformationofoil,anonpermeablelayeraboveareservoirbedisnecessarybecauseitcan______.A.acceleratethetravelspeedoftheoilB.hindertheoiltomoveupwardC.helptheoiltomoveupwardD.helppeopletodiscovertheoil5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A.Drillingaholeisoneoftheknownmethodsofdeterminingwhetherornotoilispresentinthestructure.B.Ageologistusuallytriestolocatepromisingstructuresinregionswhererocksarefavorablefortheoccurrenceoftheotherprerequisites.C.Anunfavorablestructuremustexisttoconcentratetheoil.D.Apermeablelayermustoccuraboveareservoirbed.Passage2Inordertotalkaboutthenatureoftheuniverseandtodiscussquestionssuchaswhetherithasabeginningoranend,youhavetobeclearaboutwhatascientifictheoryis.Ishalltakethesimple-mindedviewthatatheoryisjustamodeloftheuniverse,orarestrictedpartofit,andasetofrulesthatrelatequantitiesinthemodeltoobservationsthatwemake.Itexistsonlyinourmindsanddoesnothaveanyotherreality.Atheoryisagoodtheoryifitsatisfiestworequirements.Itmustaccuratelydescribealargeclassofobservationsonthebasisofamodelthatcontainsonlyafewarbitraryelements,anditmustmakedefinitepredictionsabouttheresultsoffutureobservations.For