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一、将下列单词或词组译成汉语：（每题1分，记10分）1．cardiacarrhythmia2．microalbuminuria3．epidemicinfluenza4．immunosuppression5．hyperglycemia6．lungcompliance7．endoscopicultrasonography8．acutecholecysstitis9．nosocomialinfection10．spectrumofdiseases二、将下列单词或词组译成英语（每题1分，记10分）1．体温计2．呼吸频率3．生长因子4．炎性肠病5．早产6．术前分期7．胆囊结石8．慢性支气管炎9．血管造影术10．关节炎三、英译中（每题16分，计80分，任选5题，如多选，计前5题分，答题时请写明题号）1．Thepatient-physicianinteractionproceedsthroughmanyphasesofclinicalreasoninganddecisionmaking.Theinteractionbeginswithanelucidationofcomplaintsorconcerns,followedbyinquiriesorevaluationtoaddresstheseconcernsinincreasinglypreciseways.Theprocesscommonlyrequiresacarefulhistoryorphysicalexamination,orderingofdiagnostictests,integrationofclinicalfindingswiththetestresults,understandingoftherisksandbenefitsofthepossiblecoursesofaction,andcarefulconsultationwiththepatientandfamilytodevelopfutureplans.Physiciansincreasinglycancallonagrowingliteratureofevidence-basedmedicinetoguidetheprocesssothatbenefitismaximized,whilerespectingindividualvariationsamongdifferentpatients2．cognitiveimpairmentincreasesinprominenceaspeopleage.Cognitiveimpairmentisariskfactorforawiderangeofadverseoutcomes,includingfalls,immobilization,dependency,institutionalization,andmortality.Cognitiveimpairmentcomplicatesdiagnosisandrequiresadditionalcaregivingtoensuresafety.Insomepatients,cognitiveimpairmentmaymaskthesymptomsofimportantconditions.Treatmentforonediseasemayaffectanotheradversely,asintheuseofaspirintopreventstrokeinindividualswithahistoryofpepticulcerdisease.Theriskforbecomingdisabledordependentalsoincreaseswiththenumberofdiseasespresent.Specificpairsofdiseasescanincreasesynergisticallytheriskofdisability.3．Occultbleedingisdefinedasthedetectionofasymptomaticbloodlossfromthegastrointestinaltract,generallybyroutinefecaloccultbloodtesting(FOBT)orthepresenceofirondeficiencyanemia.obscuregastrointestinalbleedingisdefinedasbleedingofunknownoriginthatpersistsorrecursafteranegativeinitialendoscopicevaluationofboththeupperandlowergastrointestinaltracts.Bothoftheseentitiesmaybepresentationsofrecurrentorchronicbleeding.4．“Shortnessofbreath”,“afeelingofnotbeingabletogetenoughair”,and“laboredbreathing”arealltermsusedbypatientstodescribethesymptomofdyspnea.Anincreaseddrivetoventilatemayalsocausedyspnea.Suchstimuliincludehypoxia,usuallywhenarterialoxygentensionsarelessthan60mmHg,andstimulifrominflamedlungparenchyma,asoccurinbacterialpneumoniaoralveolitisandthatdrivetherespiratorycentersofthebrain.Thesestimulioftenlowertherestingcarbondioxidepressure(Pco2)tolessthanthenormallevelof40mmHgandcausedyspnea,especiallyonmildexertion.5．Afterseveralyears,mostdiabeticpatientsexhibitdiffuseglomerulosclerosis,althoughaminorityhavepathognomonicKimmelsteil-wilsonnodularlesions.Althoughpathologicchangescontinuetomountthroughoutthedisease,glomerulosclerosisextensiveenoughtocauseESRDdevelopsinaminorityofpatients;inthesecases,overtalbuminuria(300mg/day)beginsapproximatedly15yearsafterdiagnosis.Soonafter,followingavariableperiodontheorderof3to5years,theGFRbeginsarelentlessdecline(≥10ml/min/year),whichiseventuallyreflectedbyanincreaseinserumcreatinine.TheappearanceofmassiveproteinuriaandthenephroticsyndromeiscommoninthiscontextandoftenheraldsprogressiontoESRD.Oncetheserumcreatininerises(reflectinganapproximately50%declineinGFR),ESRDdevelopsinmostpatientswithin10years.Thiscourseishighlyvariable,houever,particularlyintype2diabetics,whomayexhibitmoderateproteinuriaforseveralyearswithoutasubstantialdeteriorationofrenalfunction.6．Thefirstsignsorsymptomsofcancerarefrequentlyduetometastasestovisceralornodalsites.Inmostsuchpatients,routineclinicalevaluationwithacomprehensivehistory,physicalexamination,completebloodcellcount,screeningchemistries,anddirectedradiologicevaluationofspecificsymptomsorsignsidentifiestheprimarytumor.Patientswhohavenoprimarytumorlocatedafterthisroutineclinicalevaluationaredefinedashavingcancerofunknownprimarysite.Furtherclinicalandpathologicevaluationwillidentifytheprimarysiteinonlyasmallminorityofpatients,andabout80%willneverhaveaprimarysiteidentifiedduringtheirsubsequentclinicalcourse.7．Inthemanagementofthepregnanttraumapatient,thecriticalpointisthatresuscitationofthefetusisaccomplishedbyresuscitationofthemother.Therefore,theinitialevaluationandtreatmentofthepregnantinjuredpatientisidenticaltothatofthenonpregnantinjuredpatient.Rapidassessmentofthematernalairway,breathing,andcirculationandensuringanadequateairwayavoidsmaternalandfetalhypoxia.Inthelaterstagesofpregnancy,asalreadydescribed,uterinecompressionofthevenacavamayresultinhypotensionfromdiminishedvenousreturn,sothepregnanttraumapatientshouldbeplacedinleftlateraldecubitusposition.Ifspinalcordinjuryissuspected,thepatientmaybesecuredtoabackboardandthentiltedtotheleft.Theincreasedbloodvolumeassociatedwithpregnancyhasimportantimplicationsinthetraumapatient.Signsofbloodlosssuchastachycardiaandhypotensionmaybedelayeduntilthepatientlosesnearly30%ofherbloodvolume.8．Postoperativesurgicalcomplicationsrepresentoneofthemostfrustratinganddifficultoccurrencesexperi